Total root biomass of two black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars, ‘Black Turtle Soup’ (BTS) and ‘Strain 39,’ and four black‐seeded lines (70001, 70002, 70003, and 70004) was partitioned into adventitious, basal, and taproot components at several growth stages under both greenhouse and field conditions. Basal root weights were significantly higher for the four lines in the field and for 70001 and 70002 in the greenhouse than for BTS and Strain 39. Genotypes did not differ for adventitious root weights in both environments. Taproot weights were higher for all the lines compared with BTS; and for 70001, 70003, and 70004 compared with Strain 39 in the field. Genotypes did not differ for taproot weights in the greenhouse.Stem, hypocotyl, and taproot diameters were significantly higher for all the lines than for the two cultivars in the field. Hypocotyl and stem diameters of all lines were higher than for the two cultivars, except for stem diameter of 70002 when compared with BTS in the greenhouse. Taproot diameters of 70001, 70002, and 70004 were significantly higher than for Strain 39 under greenhouse conditions. Basal root diameters (sum of individual basal root diameters) of the four lines were significantly higher than for BTS or Strain 39 in both experiments. Genotypes did^ot differ in the number of basal roots under field conditions.In the field, most root parameters increased up to the seed initiation stage, followed by a significant decrease or no further increase at the pod fill stage. Significant stage ✕ genotype interactions occurred for basal root diameter and hypocotyl diameter in the field and for taproot weight, stem, hypocotyl, and basal root diameters in the greenhouse. The erect plant type of the lines may be attributable to larger basal roots.
The relationship of root size to seed yield and lodging of two black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars, ‘Black Turtle Soup’ (BTS) and ‘Strain 39,’ was compared with that of four black‐seeded lines (70001, 70002, 70003, and 70004) under both field and greenhouse conditions at different growth stages. Root weight was significantly higher for the four lines than for the two cultivars in the field, but not in the greenhouse. Shoot:root ratios were significantly lower for all the lines than for BTS in both environments and for Strain 39 under field conditions.Combined field data for 2 years showed all four lines had significantly higher seed and biological yields than the two cultivars, although no differences were measured for harvest index. In both years the four lines lodged less than the two cultivars.Uprooting resistance of all lines was significantly higher than for BTS and Strain 39. None of the parameters measured showed a stage ✕ genotype interaction, except for shoot:root ratio in the greenhouse.Our results suggest that a larger root biomas may be an important component of lodging resistance in black beans. Erect plant types would result in decreased yield losses by direct harvesters.
Dry beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L., are commonly sown in wide rows (75 to 90 cm) because many of the mechanical planters and cultivars in use were designed or adjusted for maize (Zea mays L.) culture. More importantly, effective herbicides for weed control and machinery for harvesting beans grown in narrow rows have not been available until recently. New developments in herbicides and prospects of more flexible harvesting machinery being marketed warrant investigations to determine yield responses of dry beans to plant spacings. Eleven field experiments were conducted in New York State from 1966 to 1977 to determine effects of plant arrangements and densities on yields of dry beans. These experiments were at Aurora, N.Y., on soils of type Glossoboric hapludalfs, or at Ithaca, N.Y., on either Dystic flurentic entrochrepts or Typic dystrochrepts. Between row spacing effects were evaluated in nine experiments; narrow rows conditioned significantly higher (7% to 48%) yields in seven of the nine experiments. At a given density, plants in more equidistant arrangements significantly outyielded those in more rectangular arrangements. For example, plants spaced at 25✕25 cm yielded more than those at 76✕8 cm by 13%, plants spaced at 20✕20 cm yielded more than those at 76✕5 cm by 12% and yields averaged across five genotypes at 30✕10 cm were 48% larger than those at 60✕5 cm. Results of an on‐farm trial indicated that difficulty in harvesting beans grown in narrow rows is a major constraint to adoption by farmers of narrow‐row culture. Suggestions for further research include: 1) modification of bean pullers or direct harvesters to accommodate beans grown in narrow rows; 3) determination of the yield advantage associated with alternating between several narrow rows and a wide row to enable passage of a tractor through the field for the purpose of cultivating, spraying, and harvesting; 3) selection of bean cultivars that will maximize the yield advantage of narrow‐row culture.
Two lines of black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), ‘70001’ and ‘Strain 39’, were grown at between-row spacings of 76, 61, and 46 cm. Cultivation treatments included an uncultivated check and a single cultivation at 1 of 3 plant growth stages: first trifoliolate leaf fully expanded; anthesis; or pod elongation. Root weight, shoot weight, and shoot:root ratio of individual plants decreased linearly as between-row spacing decreased. Biological yield increased linearly as between-row spacing decreased, but seed yield and harvest index did not show significant responses to spacing. None of the measured parameters gave a significant response when the uncultivated control was compared with the average of the 3 time-of-cultivation treatments. Root weight of individual plants and biological yield gave quadratic responses within the 3 time-of-cultivation treatments, both decreasing most markedly with cultivation at the pod elongation stage. Plants of ‘70001’ were larger and lodged less compared to those of ‘Strain 39’. Seed yields of both lines were similar. Results suggest that a single shallow cultivation may be used for black beans grown in narrow rows through anthesis. Although cultivation at the pod elongation stage was generally not detrimental to seed yield, it is not recommended.
Root morphological characteristics of ‘Redkote’ and ‘Redkloud’ kidney bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were measured during 2 growth stages at 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm within-row spacings under field conditions. Significantly higher total root weight, shoot weight, basal root weight, and stem and hypocotyl diameters of individual plants occurred as within-row spacing increased. Uprooting resistance, taproot weight, and taproot diameter increased as within-row spacing increased up to 15 cm followed by a nonsignificant increase at 20 cm. No differences in adventitious root weight or shoot:root ratios occurred among within-row spacing treatments. ‘Redkote’ root parameters were significantly higher than those of‘Redkloud’, with the exception of adventitious root weight and uprooting resistance. Seed yields were highest for 15 cm spacing although not significantly more than at 5 cm spacing. All parameters with the exception of basal root number were significantly lower during anthesis when compared with full pod fill growth stage.
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