A simple method for rendering atomic force microscope tips and cantilevers hydrophilic or hydrophobic through glow discharge in an appropriate gas atmosphere is introduced. Force curves at different humidities of these modified cantilevers were taken on freshly cleaved mica (hydrophilic surface) and on a monolayer of dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine transferred onto mica (hydrophobic surface) to characterize the behavior of the cantilevers on hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces. Furthermore, Langmuir-Blodgett bilayers, with a dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine bottom layer and a dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine top layer, were imaged in the constant force mode in a multimode atomic force microscope in air under controlled humidity conditions. The friction and elasticity signal were recorded parallel to the topography. By varying the force exerted by the tip on the sample, different layers of the Langmuir-Blodgett system could be removed or flattened. Removal exposed underlying layers that exhibited a different friction and elasticity behavior. Furthermore, force scans with tips rendered hydrophobic were taken on the different layers of the sample to characterize the hydrophilic/hydrophobic nature of the layers. Only by combining the results obtained by the different methods can the structure of the lipid layer systems be identified.
Olfactory transduction is thought to occur in the outer dendritic membrane of insect olfactory receptor neurons. Electrophysiological studies have indicated that the outer dendritic membrane has non-specific cation channels and inositol-triphosphate-dependent Ca2+ channels. The presence of such channels is further supported by the observation that pheromone-stimulated dendrites take up cobalt. However, to date, there is no structural evidence for these channels. Therefore, in order to search for putative ion channels, we have imaged the membrane of the olfactory dendrites in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the atomic-force microscope (AFM), after extruding the dendrites out of the olfactory hairs and fixing them on plastic coverslips. With the aid of the SEM, we could see the beaded structure of the dendrite but no fine structural details, as the membrane was sputtered with gold. With the use of the contact mode of the AFM, we could see "pores" that were deeper than 3 nm and with a diameter of about 15 nm. The density of the "pores" was approximately 20/ microm2 or 10 000 pores per thick dendrite. We believe these to be putative ion channels based on indirect evidence.
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