[1] An empirical model of the quiet daily geomagnetic field variation has been constructed based on geomagnetic data obtained from 21 stations along the 210 Magnetic Meridian of the Circum-pan Pacific Magnetometer Network (CPMN) from 1996 to 2007. Using the least squares fitting method for geomagnetically quiet days (Kp ≤ 2+), the quiet daily geomagnetic field variation at each station was described as a function of solar activity SA, day of year DOY, lunar age LA, and local time LT. After interpolation in latitude, the model can describe solar-activity dependence and seasonal dependence of solar quiet daily variations (S) and lunar quiet daily variations (L). We performed a spherical harmonic analysis (SHA) on these S and L variations to examine average characteristics of the equivalent external current systems. We found three particularly noteworthy results. First, the total current intensity of the S current system is largely controlled by solar activity while its focus position is not significantly affected by solar activity. Second, we found that seasonal variations of the S current intensity exhibit northsouth asymmetry; the current intensity of the northern vortex shows a prominent annual variation while the southern vortex shows a clear semi-annual variation as well as annual variation. Thirdly, we found that the total intensity of the L current system changes depending on solar activity and season; seasonal variations of the L current intensity show an enhancement during the December solstice, independent of the level of solar activity.

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A new index, EE-index (E Dst, EU, and EL), is proposed to monitor temporal and long-term variations of the equatorial electrojet by using the MAGDAS/CPMN real-time data. The mean value of the H component magnetic variations observed at the nightside (LT = 18-06) MAGDAS/CPMN stations along the magnetic equatorial region is found to show variations similar to those of Dst; we defined this quantity as E Dst. The E Dst can be used as a proxy of Dst for the real-time and long-term geospace monitoring. By subtracting E Dst from the H component data of each equatorial station, it is possible to extract the Equatorial Electrojet and Counter Electrojet components, which are defined as EU and EL, respectively.

An exact expression is derived for the matrix Green's function of a clean superconducting layered structure with an arbitrary number of interfaces. A multiple-scattering approach is employed, in which the interfaces act as the scattering centres. Some initial applications of the theory to systems with transverse dimensions which vary from narrow to wide are given. The local density of states is calculated for an SNS and for an SNSNS junction (‘S’ standing for a superconducting layer and ‘N’ for a normal layer). For certain critical transverse widths the exact theory shows remarkable features not seen in the Andreev approximation. If the gap function for the systems is calculated self-consistently it turns out that for transverse dimensions smaller than twenty per cent of the superconducting coherence length, superconductivity is suppressed.

[1] Occurrence features of the preliminary impulse (PI) of geomagnetic sudden commencement (SC) both in the Pacific Ocean and South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) regions were investigated using the long-term magnetic field data obtained from the Circum-pan Pacific Magnetometer Network (CPMN) and NICT Space Weather Monitoring (NSWM) magnetometer networks. The low-latitude preliminary reverse impulse (PRI) at Okinawa (OKI: dip latitude = 37.97°) in the Pacific Ocean region appeared in all the magnetic local time (MLT) sectors with the peak occurrence rate of 40% around noon. On the other hand, the PRI occurrence rate at Santa Maria (SMA: dip latitude = −34.35°) near the center of the SAA region showed a significant enhancement in the daytime sector (0800-1600 h, MLT) with the peak value of 80%, which resembles the occurrence feature of the equatorial PRI. Moreover, the PRI amplitude around noon at SMA was about 3.0 times larger than that at OKI. From the calculation of the ionospheric conductivity derived from the IRI-2007 and NRLMSISE-00 models, it is shown that the height-integrated conductivity was more enhanced in the SAA region (SMA), where the ambient magnetic field intensity is weak, compared with that in the Pacific Ocean region (OKI). Therefore, the anomalous increase of the PRI occurrence and amplitude is caused by the significant enhancement of the ionospheric conductivity due to the weakness of the ambient magnetic field intensity in the SAA region.

We addressed quantization phenomena in open systems and confined motion in low-dimensional systems, as well as quantized sources in 3-dimensions. The thesis of the paper is that if we simply cast the Bohr–Sommerfeld (B-S) quantization condition as a U(1) gauge theory, like the gauge field of Chern-Simons gauge theory or as in topological band theory (TBT) of condensed matter physics in terms of Berry connection and Berry curvature to make it self-consistent, then the quantization method in all the physical phenomena treated in this paper are unified in the sense of being traceable to the self-consistent B-S quantization. These are the stationary quantization of due to oscillatory dynamics in compactified space and time for steady-state systems (e.g., particle in a box or torus, Brillouin zone, and Matsubara time zone or Matsubara quantized frequencies), and the quantization of sources through the gauge field. Thus, the self-consistent B-S quantization condition permeates the quantization of integer quantum Hall effect (IQHE), fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE), the Berezenskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless vortex quantization, Aharonov–Bohm effect, the Dirac magnetic monopole, the Haldane phase, contact resistance in closed mesoscopic circuits of quantum physics, and in the monodromy (holonomy) of completely integrable Hamiltonian systems of quantum geometry. In transport of open systems, we introduced a novel phase-space derivation of the quantized conductance of the IQHE based on nonequilibrium quantum transport and lattice Weyl transform approach.

Andreev bound states in clean, ballistic SNS and SNSNS junctions are calculated exactly and by using the Andreev approximation ͑AA͒. The AA appears to break down for junctions with transverse dimensions chosen such that the motion in the longitudinal direction is very slow. The doubly degenerate states typical for the traveling waves found in the AA are replaced by two standing waves in the exact treatment and the degeneracy is lifted. A multiple-scattering Green's function formalism is used, from which the states are found through the local density of states. The scattering by the interfaces in any layered system of ballistic normal metals and clean superconducting materials is taken into account exactly. The formalism allows, in addition, for a selfconsistent determination of the gap function. In the numerical calculations the pairing coupling constant for aluminum is used. Various features of the proximity effect are shown.

The classical Bloch equations of spin magnetization transport is extended to fully time-dependent and highly-nonlinear nonequilibrium spin magnetization quantum distribution function transport (SMQDFT) equations. The relevant variables are the spinor correlation functions which separate into charge and spin magnetization distributions that becomes highly coupled in SMQDFT equations. The leading terms consist of the Boltzmann kinetic equation with spin-orbit coupling in a magnetic field together with spin-dependent scattering terms which contribute to the torque. These do not have analogue within the classical relaxation-dephasing picture, but are inherently quantum many-body effects. These should incorporate the spatio-temporal-dependent phase-space dynamics of Elliot-Yafet and D'yakonov-Perel scatterings. The resulting SMQDFT equations should serve as a theoretical foundation for computational spintronic and nanomagnetic device applications, in ultrafast-switching-speed/low-power performance and reliability analyses.