Glyphosate-based herbicides are often used for the control of weeds grown on agricultural fields or farms. Different health problems have been reported to be associated with the use of glyphosate-based herbicides mainly due to their toxicity level. Thus, finding glyphosate utilizing microorganisms to remediate the glyphosate-based herbicides in the environment is crucial. The culture conditions for maximum utilization of glyphosate by bacterial isolates, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Bacillus cereus and Enterobacter aerogenes previously isolated from Ugini stream close to corn fields treated with glyphosate-based herbicide at Ofagbe, Delta State, Nigeria were optimized using mineral salt medium containing glyphosate as carbon source. The varied culture parameters assessed were temperature (30, 37 and 40 oC), pH (5, 6, 7, 8 and 9), initial glyphosate concentration (1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 g/L) and incubation time (2-14 days). Optical density (OD) at 560 nm of the culture was used to estimate cell growth or cell load of the glyphosate utilizing bacteria strains at every 2 days for 14 days. The following optimal conditions were determined: initial pH 9.0, incubation temperature 30 °C, initial concentration of glyphosate (1g/L) and incubation time of 12 days. Of the isolates on the medium containing the herbicide as sole carbon and energy source, Bacillus cereus showed the highest growth level (OD average, 0.127, pH average, 6.26. This was followed by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (OD average = 0.114, pH average = 6.44) and Enterobacter aerogenes (OD average = 0.100, pH average, 6.56). At the increased of glyphosate in the medium there was decreased in growth of the bacteria. Bacillus cereus, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Enterobacter aerogenes indicated a high capacity to be able to degrade glyphosate. It is therefore concluded that the bacteria employed in this research can be recommended for bioremediation of environments contaminated with this chemical and further research should conducted to ascertain the catabolic genes present in these individual glyphosate degrading bacteria.
Hairdresser’s salons are public places that can contribute to the spread of viral, fungi and bacterial pathogens. However, little is known about the contamination of hairdressing tools by bacterial and fungal pathogens. Hence, this study was conducted to determine bacterial and fungal contaminants of tools used in hairdressing salons within Wukari metropolis, Taraba State. Eighty (80) different samples were collected from combs, brushes, rollers, and hairdryers used in hairdressing salons using sterile swab stick moistened with normal saline. Samples were cultured aerobically on nutrient agar, MacConkey agar, and sheep blood agar for bacterial isolation and potato dextrose agar for fungal isolation. Bacterial isolates were identified using conventional biochemical tests while fungal isolates were identified on the basis of their cell wall structure using the lactophenol cotton blue stain. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacterial isolates was tested using the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Sixty-seven (83.75%) of the collected sample were positive for bacterial and/or fungal contamination, yielding twenty-two (22) and eighteen (18) isolates each of bacteria and fungi. The bacterial isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (81.82%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (13.64%), and Escherichia coli (4.64%) while the fungal isolates were Aspergillus fumigatus (31.25%), Aspergillus flavus (50%), Aspergillus niger (6.25%), Madurella grisea (6.25%), and Rhizopus stolonifera (6.25%). Bacterial isolates were generally sensitive to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, rifampicin, ofloxacin, and streptomycin. The highest resistances were against cefuroxime, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, and augmentin. The presence of these microorganisms on hairdressing tools is an indication of poor hygienic practices among hairstylists in Wukari and these tools can serve as vehicles for the transmission of bacterial pathogens. Hence, appropriate measures should be taken to reduce the microbial load from hairdressing salons instruments.
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