Wikipedia is becoming widely acknowledged as a reliable source of encyclopedic information. However, concerns have been expressed about its readability. Wikipedia articles might be written in a language too difficult to be understood by most of its visitors. In this study, we apply the Flesch reading ease test to all available articles from the English Wikipedia to investigate these concerns. The results show that overall readability is poor, with 75 percent of all articles scoring below the desired readability score. The 'Simple English' Wikipedia scores better, but its readability is still insufficient for its target audience. A demo of our methodology is available at www.readabilityofwikipedia.com. Contents
It is a common assumption that the title of supreme priesthood or pontifex maximus is included in the official papal titulature, and it has been supposed that the Roman bishop adopted it from the Roman emperor in late antiquity. In fact, however, it was probably not until the fifteenth century that the designation was first used by the papacy, and it has continued to be part of papal representation ever since. The title was deeply rooted in the Roman imperial past. At several stages in papal history the papal agency felt the need to draw back (again) on this ancient, traditional title and managed to successfully (re‐)introduce the title by anchoring it in the cultural biography of the papacy.
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This book explores the role of stories about the apostles in art and poetry of the third and fourth century. It aims to shed light on the late-antique relationship between art and poetry, with particular attention paid to visibility and the role of the audience. Part one offers a chronological discussion of passages referring to the apostles. References to non-canonical stories receive special attention, although these are scarce. The authors discussed are: Commodianus, Juvencus, Proba, Hilary, Damasus, Ambrose, Claudian (and Palladias), Amphilochius, Gregory of Nazianzus, Prudentius, Paulinus of Nola and the anonymous writer of the Oratio consulis Ausonii versibus rhopalicis. Part two focuses on the varied representations of each apostle in art. Whilst most images are found on sarcophagi, the catacomb paintings, mosaics, reliquaries and the 'arti minori' show some of the most intriguing representations. This part also compares the corpus of visual material to the results of part one. Canonical apostle-stories abound, but it is remarkable that some of the most popular images refer to non-canonical events from the life of Peter. This emphasises his position as the most popular of the apostles: for whilst all of the apostles are mentioned as witnesses of Christ, none receives the level of attention devoted to Peter.. Most frequently, images that do not give singular attention to Peter focus on Peter and Paul (concordia apostolorum) or the twelve together (concordia duodecim). References to other apostles are virtually limited to Paul-especially in poetry-or Judas, who is mentioned within the context of the Passion and appears on some late fourth-century sarcophagi and reliquaries. The martyrdom of Peter and Paul was a very common subject: descriptions in poetry are more detailed than depictions in art, where the arrest of the apostles is depicted as a reference to their martyrdom. Ultimately this book argues that whilst there are clear parallels between the representation of the apostles in art and poetry, there is little evidence for reciprocal influence. The visibility of many images was restricted and the Biblical canon was a more obvious source of inspiration than early Christian poetry. Thus the early Christian worlds of image and text are proven to be fairly separated. R. Dijkstra
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