During a field survey in 1994, five cucumber (Cucumis sativus) cv. Hokushin plants showing symptom of yellowing, mottling, and vein banding on the leaves were collected from a commercial field of the Federal District. By electron microscopy, quasi-spherical particles with double membrane, typical tospovirus-like particles were found in the infected leaf material. All samples strongly reacted with antibody of zucchini lethal chlorosis tospovirus (ZLCV), but not with antibodies of other to-spoviruses reported in Brazil (1): tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV), groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV), chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus (CSNV), or iris yellow spot virusonion isolate (IYSV-BR). The virus was identified as ZLCV, which was first isolated in 1994 from zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) in São Paulo State, Brazil. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants showing stem necrosis and necrotic spots and rings on the leaves were collected in Viçosa, Minas Gerais State. By electron microscopy, molecular studies, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with antibodies of the six tospoviruses occurring in Brazil, the virus was identified as CSNV. This virus was first reported in 1995 on a Chrysanthemum sp. in São Paulo State and recently reported in the Netherlands from Dendranthema indicum. This is the first report of the natural occurrence of ZLCV and CSNV on cucumber and tomato, respectively. Reference: (1) A. C. de Ávila et al. 1998. Pages 32–34 in: Int. Symp. on Tospoviruses and Thrips in Floral and Vegetable Crops, 4th.

In Brazil, tospoviruses have been reported in several horticultural and ornamental plants. In the northeast region of Brazil, a tospovirus has emerged as a devastating virus on onion cultures. Based on serology and the sequence of nucleocapsid (N) protein gene, this pathogen was identified as a strain of iris yellow spot tospovirus (IYSV) (1). This virus was first identified on iris and leek in The Netherlands and later on onion in Israel. For an effective integrated management of tospoviruses in Brazil, identification of IYSV vector is essential. Three thrips species, Thrips tabaci, Frankliniella schultzei, and F. occidentalis, that are major vegetable and floral crop pests in the Federal District, Brazil, were tested for their ability to transmit the virus by leaf disk assay (2). All thrips, up to 8 h old, were given an acquisition access period of 48 h at 25°C on IYSV-infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants in Tashiro-cages. Thrips were then reared on uninfected Datura stramonium detached leaves until the adult stage. These adults were transferred individually to microcentrifuge tubes containing an N. benthamiana leaf disk and were incubated for 48 h for virus inoculation. The leaf disks were then incubated 4 more days to allow development of the virus infection, and the presence of virus was evaluated by Dot-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Dot-ELISA) with polyclonal antibodies against N protein of IYSV. Adult thrips were also used for direct inoculation to N. benthamiana plants, three thrips per plant. By the leaf disk assay, 45.8% (22 out of 48) of T. tabaci transmitted the virus, but F. schultzei (n = 48) and F. occidentalis (n = 32) did not transmit it. All plants (4 out of 4) directly inoculated by T. tabaci showed symptoms and infection by Dot-ELISA, while no plants inoculated with F. schultzei (n = 5) and F. occidentalis (n = 3) were positive, either by symptom observation or by Dot-ELISA. Only T. tabaci showed potential for a high capacity to transmit the IYSV onion isolate. In the field, considering the host preference of thrips, T. tabaci was considered the most important vector species of IYSV on onion. References: (1) L. Pozzer et al. Plant Dis. (In press.) (2) I. Wijkamp and D. Peters. Phytopathology 83:986, 1993.

Garlic shoot tip culture associated with dry heat thermotherapy (cloves exposed to 37°C for 35 days) were essential for recovering virus free plants of the cv Amarante. In this condition 70% of the explants developed in vitro and produced plants. A total of 77% of those plants was virus free when indexed by ISEM, which resulted in a final index of 54% of virus free plants from treated cloves. The percentage of regeneration decreased to 20% as the temperature increased up to 40°C. However 90% of those plants were virus free, leading to a final index of 18% virus free plants out of treated cloves.

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No estudo da interação de um begomovírus isolado de tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum) em Anápolis-GO, denominado GO-ANPL (taxonomicamente relacionado ao Tomato rugose mosaic virus, ToRMV) com o vetor Bemisia tabaci biótipo B, determinaramse o período de acesso de aquisição do vírus (PAA), o período de acesso de inoculação (PAI), o período de latência (PL), a sua retenção e transmissão à progênie. Nos experimentos empregaram-se plantas de tomateiro 'Santa Clara' e cinco insetos por planta. Constatou-se um PAA mínimo de 15 min com o qual 6% dos tomateiros foram infetados. Este percentual aumentou para 65% quando o PAA foi estendido para 24 h. O PAI mínimo foi de 30 min registrando-se 18% de infecção, o qual foi elevado para 67% com 24 h de PAI. Observou-se o término do PL 16 h após o vetor adquirir o vírus. Na detecção do GO-ANPL no vetor via PCR, testes com mais de 2.500 espécimens constataram o vírus em ninfas desenvolvidas em tomateiro infetado, em adultos com diferentes PAAs, mas não em ovos de fêmeas avirulíferas ovipositados em planta infetada. Observou-se a passagem transestadial em 100% dos adultos testados que transmitiram o vírus em 33% dos casos. Evidenciou-se a transmissão à progênie pela detecção do vírus em ovos, ninfas e adultos provenientes de fêmeas virulíferas, contudo, a transmissão do vírus pelos adultos não foi observada. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a interação vírus-vetor é estabelecida desde a fase inicial do desenvolvimento do inseto e podem ser considerados relevantes para os estudos epidemiológicos dos begomovírus associados ao biótipo B de B. tabaci no país.Palavras-chave adicionais: interação vírus-vetor, Geminiviridae, Lycopersicon esculentum, PCR. ABSTRACT Studies of the interaction of a new begomovirus isolate from tomato with the whiteflyA begomovirus named GO-ANPL (taxonomically related to the Tomato rugose mosaic virus, ToRMV), obtained from tomato (Lycopesricon esculentum) plants in Anápolis, state of Goiás, was used to study virus/vector (Bemisia tabaci biotype B) interaction. The acquisition access period (AAP), the inoculation access period (IAP), and the latent period (LP) were determined by transferring five whiteflies per tomato seedling cv. Santa Clara. The minimum AAP was 15 min resulting in 6% infected plants, which reached 65% as the length of AAP increased to 24 h. At a minimum IAP of 30 min, 18% of plants were infected; this increased to 67% after an IAP of 24 h. The end of the LP in the vector occurred 16 h after virus acquisition. To detect the GO-ANPL in the vector by PCR, more than 2,500 specimens were tested. The virus was found in adults under different AAPs from the 1 st to the 4 th instar grown on infected plants. No virus was found in the eggs that were laid on infected plants by aviruliferous females. The GO-ANPL isolate was transmitted to the progeny of viruliferous females, since the virus was detected in eggs, all instars and adults. However, no virus transmission was observed from these adults. A high frequency of viral detection was observed in ...

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Determination of virus diversity in the field is vital to support a sustainable breeding program for virus resistance of horticultural crops. The present study aimed to characterize four field potyvirus isolates found naturally infecting sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) (Sa66 and Sa115) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) (IAC3 and Sa21) plants. Their biological characteristics revealed differences among the isolates in their ability to infect distinct Capsicum spp. and tomato genotypes, and in the severity of symptoms caused by these isolates compared to the infection caused by an isolate of Pepper yellow mosaic virus (PepYMV). Absence of cross-reaction was found among the studied isolates with antiserum against Potato virus Y (PVY). However, all isolates reacted, at different intensities, with antiserum against PepYMV. All isolates showed high identity percentage (97 to 99%) of the amino acid sequence of the coat protein with PepYMV (accession AF348610) and low (69 to 80%) with other potyvirus species. The comparison of the 3' untranslated region also confirmed this finding with 97 to 98% identity with PepYMV, and of 47 to 71% with other potyviruses. The results showed that PepYMV isolates were easily differentiated from PVY by serology and that the host response of each isolate could be variable. In addition, the nucleotide sequence of the coat protein and 3' untranslated region was highly conserved among the isolates.

Watermelon plants can be naturally infected by several viruses in single or mixed infections, of which the diagnosis is difficult and require specific techniques. This study aims to detect and to verify the presence of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Papaya ringspot virus type W (PRSV-W), Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), Zucchini lethal chlorosis virus (ZLCV), Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), and the main cucurbit viruses in Brazil using multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. Oligonucleotides were designed towards the conserved regions of the virus genomes. In the duplex-PCR, it was possible to detect all the virus combinations, except ZLCV with ZYMV. The amplified product sizes were 644 bp (CMV), 535 bp (WMV-2), 398 bp (PRSV-W), 244 bp (ZLCV), and 214 bp (ZYMV). To test the efficacy of the methodology, we analyzed plants with virus symptoms from four municipalities in the state of Tocantins, located at Brazilian Cerrado. Mixed infections were detected in 80% of samples in all the municipalities. The multiplex RT-PCR assay can be used to detect and differentiate watermelon viruses that affect crops in the state of Tocantins.