The zirconates Ln(2)Zr(2)O(7) (Ln = lanthanoid) have been studied using a combination of Zr L-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and synchrotron X-ray and neutron powder diffraction methods. These studies demonstrate that as the size of the lanthanoid cation decreases, the local structure evolves smoothly from the ideal pyrochlore toward the defect fluorite rather than undergoing an abrupt transformation. The Zr L-edge spectrum is found to be extremely sensitive to changes in the local coordination environment and demonstrates an increase in local disorder across the pyrochlore oxides. The sensitivity of the XANES measurements enables us to identify the progressive nature of the transition that could not be detected using bulk diffraction techniques.
Sunzmavy A wide series of hydrogen bonded cations (B1HB2)+, where B1 and R2 are different heterocyclic bases, have been characterised spectroscopically, and the proton potential appears to depend on the difference of the pK values of the bases.
A series of hydrogen-bonded cations, (BHB) + where B is a heterocyclic base, have been characterised spectroscopically, and show evidence for a double minimum proton potential.
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