Welding residual stress is considered as one of the most responsible factors by the experts for premature failure of the in-service welded structures. Between tensile residual stress and compressive residual stress, while the former type is found to have detrimental effect on the welded part, compressive stress may adhere to some benefits in many cases. It is, therefore, very important to evaluate the welding residual stress in a welded component properly so that suitable measures can be adopted to get the optimized service life of the fabricated structure. The measurement techniques of welding residual stress have been classified into different categories, significantly in destructive and non-destructive in nature. The hole drilling technique is one of the destructive methodologies to measure the welding residual stress using strain gauges which is standardized by ASTM E-837 and frequently used in the applied field. In this review paper, an effort has been given to understand the fundamentals of the hole drilling method based on extensive literatures' study which reflects the chronological developments of this technique in the field of stress measurement. This paper, further, describes the influence of different operational parameters associated with the hole drilling technique on the outcome of the process.
In this study, the submerged arc welded butt joint of P-91 ferritic-martensitic alloy steel plates has been chosen to examine the influence of microstructural changes on welding residual stress characteristics and macrohardness in the weldment with two different heat input 2497.5 J/mm & 2040J/mm respectively. The stress magnitudes at a different location on the welded specimen are measured by X-ray diffraction technique at the postweld heat-treated condition. Compressive stresses are observed in the weld zone (WZ) and tensile stresses are detected at the boundary of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) near the weld zone. Higher compressive stresses are found in the weld zone of both the specimens where maximum hardness values are observed. Different grain matrix in the microstructure contributes significantly towards the quality of weldment. Residual stress, as well as the hardness of weldment, is found to be influenced by the martensite phase transformation and dissolution of precipitates. A modeling concept is presented for dimensional analysis of martensite structure. Energy dispersive X-ray indicates the distribution of carbides at the grain boundaries. Optical micrograph substantiates the presence of δ-ferrite in the WZ.
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