An epizootic has been reported in Fiorinia externa populations in New York, Connecticut, Pennsylvania and NewJersey. Infected insects have profuse sclerotial masses enclosing their bodies. The most commonly isolated microorganism from infected F. externa was Colletotrichum sp. A morphological and molecular characterization of this fungus indicated that it is closely related to phytopathogenic C. acutatum isolates. Isolates of Colletotrichum sp. from F. externa in areas of the epizootic were similar genetically and were named Colletotrichum acutatum var. fioriniae var. nov, based on our findings. In vitro and in planta mating observed between isolates of C. acutatum var. fioriniae could serve as a possible source of genetic variation and might give rise to new biotypes with a propensity to infect insects. Only one other strain, C. gloeosporioides f. sp. ortheziidae, has been reported to show entomopathogenic activity.
A descoberta do fungo Colletotrichum gloeosporioides parasitando cochonilha em pomares cítricos levantou a possibilidade de sua utilização no controle de Orthezia praelonga. O controle biológico, porém, deve ser feito com a certeza de que o microrganismo utilizado não ocasionará doenças em outras culturas. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar e comparar o potencial fitopatogênico dos isolados de C. gloeosporioides patogênicos a O. praelonga, com outros isolados de C. gloeosporioides, C. acutatum e C. lagenarium, responsáveis pelas doenças de pós-colheita e podridão floral, em citros, e da antracnose, em abobrinha, respectivamente. Os fungos foram inoculados em banana, café, maçã, mamão, pêssego e folhas de abobrinha, com e sem ferimentos. Os pêssegos foram suscetíveis a todos os isolados testados, nas duas metodologias utilizadas. As maçãs e as folhas de abobrinha, quando lesadas, também mostraram suscetibilidade. A banana, o café e o mamão não foram suscetíveis em nenhum dos métodos de inoculação.
Aims: This study aimed to assess the impacts of anthropic activities at four sites of two rivers from the Mogi-Guaçu watershed in São Paulo State, Brazil; Methods: Sites were classified according to their environmental integrity, based on the index developed by Callisto et al. (2002). Physico-chemical and biotic metrics were measured bimonthly. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) analysis was used to assess the relationship between sites and samples. Measures of soil loss evaluated the impacts from land uses at the Mogi-Guaçu watershed; Results: Fifty-two macroinvertebrate families were identified at Oriçanga and Itupeva rivers. The Calamoceratidae (Trichoptera) are shredders, and their percentage was greatest at the most preserved site, where the riparian forest was in good condition. Some unexpected results were found at (ORIC 1), considered a minimally disturbed site according to a Rapid Assessment Protocol. At this site, family richness and Shannon-Weaver diversity index were both low, which could be attributed to riparian forest deforestation, resulting in less aquatic biodiversity. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed differences in physico-chemical parameters and macroinvertebrate families, but these differences were not so evident to separate sites according to their environmental integrity degree; Conclusions: We conclude that water quality seemed to be related to land use, as soil losses prevailed in pasture and sugar cane areas, where water quality parameters (biotic and physico-chemical) showed worse results. And that land uses must consider the slope of areas near aquatic ecosystems, due to the potential environmental impacts to these systems, especially erosion and inflow of polluted effluents.
A total of 220 plants were potted individually in 10 cm pots on 20 May. These plants were separated into groups of 120 and 100 and placed into 2 separate double-poly greenhouses, thereby establishing 2 studies. In both studies, each treatment block contained 5 potted plants. The pots were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Blocks were placed 50 cm apart. Test 1 consisted of 6 treatments and Test 2 consisted of 5 treatments. Treatments were applied at weekly intervals for 3 wk using a compressed-air sprayer operated at 30 to 35 psi, sprayed to runoff. A 75 × 120 cm masonite board was placed between plots to prevent overspray from one plot to another. Cell-U-Wet® (Creative Service,s Inc., Michigan City, IN) at 0.15 lb/gal was added to each tank mix in Test 2. Pre treatment and weekly post-treatment samples were obtained by excising 25 randomly selected flowers from each block and placing them immediately into 190-ml capacity plastic vials containing 80 ml of 70% ethanol. Each vial was shaken 10 times. The flowers were then removed from the vial, rinsed with 70% ethanol into the vial, and discarded. The adult and immature thrips captured in the alcohol were enumerated.
Rooted cuttings were potted in 15 cm pots in a greenhouse on 12 Jan. Fourteen wk later, all plants were in bud to early flowering stages of growth and were infested with western flower thrips at an average density of 15/flower. Five pots containing 3 plants each were placed into cages (24 × 24 × 25.5 inch) to restrict movement of adult thrips. The study consisted of 3 treatments, replicated 3 times, in a RCB design with cages serving as individual plots. Treatments were applied at weekly intervals for 3 wk using a compressed-air sprayer operated at 30 to 35 psi. At treatment, plants were removed from the cages, sprayed to runoff outside the greenhouse, and returned to the cage after the spray had dried on the plant foliage. Tween 80® (10 ml/liter) was added to each treatment mix. Pre-treatment and weekly post-treatment samples were obtained by excising 3 randomly selected flowers from each pot and placing them immediately into 190-ml capacity plastic vials containing 80 ml of 70% ethanol. Each vial was shaken 10 times. The 3 flowers were then removed from the vial, rinsed with 70% ethanol into the vial, and discarded. The adult and immature thrips captured in the alcohol were enumerated.
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