Background-Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is a severe, atypical form of chronic renal parenchymal infection accounting for 6/1000 surgically proved cases of chronic pyelonephritis. Its manifestations mimic those of neoplastic and other inflammatory renal parenchymal diseases and, consequently, it is often misdiagnosed preoperatively. Conclusions-Increasing awareness of this condition should lead to the diagnosis being suspected preoperatively. (Arch Dis Child 1999;81:483-486)
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