A nationwide survey of oral conditions, treatment needs, and attitudes toward dental health care in Dutch adults was carried out in 1986. One of the aims of the study was to assess the prevalence of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder (TMD). A sample of 6577 persons (from 15 to 74 yr of age), stratified for gender, age, region, and socio-economic status, was contacted. Of this sample, 4496 persons participated in the behavioral part of the study, of whom 3526 were examined clinically. The TMD prevalence was based on (1) perceived signs and symptoms of TMD and (2) clinical examination of joint sounds, deviation, and pain on mandibular movements. A total of 21.5% of the Dutch adult population perceived some dysfunction, and 44.4% showed clinically assessed signs and symptoms of TMD. In nearly all age groups, the signs and symptoms of TMD appeared more in women than in men. Agreement between the results of the clinical examination and the anamnestic dysfunction index was significant (p < 0.0001); however, the Pearson's correlation coefficient was low (r = 0.29). The odds-value (risk-ratio) that subjects who perceived signs and symptoms of TMD would present with clinically assessed signs and symptoms of TMD was 2.3. The results of the survey were compared with results of a meta-analysis performed on 51 TMD prevalence studies. The analysis revealed (1) a perceived dysfunction rate of 30% and (2) a clinically assessed dysfunction of 44%, both based on compound samples of, respectively, over 15,000 (23 studies) and over 16,000 (22 studies) randomly selected subjects.

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Clinical RelevanceWhen placing a Class II resin composite restoration, the use of sectional matrix systems and separation rings to obtain tight proximal contacts is recommended. SUMMARYThis study investigated the tightness of the proximal contact when placing posterior resin composite restorations with circumferential and sectional matrix systems in an in vitro model using a special measuring device (Tooth Pressure Meter). A manikin model was used with an artificial first molar in which an MO-preparation was ground, simulating the clinical situation of an amalgam replacement. This preparation was duplicated, resulting in 160 identically prepared teeth. These teeth were divided into 8 groups (n=20). In 2 groups, circumferential matrix bands (flat or contoured) in a Tofflemire retainer were applied. In the remaining 6 groups, 3 different separation rings were combined with 2 types of sectional matrix bands. All the cavities were restored using Clearfil Photo Bond and Clearfil AP-X. The tightness of the proximal contact was measured using the Tooth Pressure Meter. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 12. ANOVA was used to find differences in proximal contact tightness between the groups. Tukey tests were used to find differences between the homogeneous subgroups. The use of sectional matrices combined with separation rings resulted in tighter proximal contacts compared to when circumferential systems were used (p<0.001). The use of these devices is therefore recommended when posterior resin composite restorations are placed.

The objective of this study was to compare the performance in occlusal caries diagnosis of various available diagnostic systems when applied to the same teeth. The sample investigated consisted of 13 children for whom 4 premolar and 19 molar teeth were judged to require a sealant. The indication was based on the criteria ‘fissure discoloration’, ‘enamel decalcification’ and ‘absence of dentinal decay’. For predefined locations within these occlusal fissures a diagnosis was obtained by the following diagnostic systems: clinical examination, examination on fiber-optic transillumination (FOTI), fissure discoloration, electrical resistance measurement, radiographic examination and ratings of fissure morphology. Tooth material was removed until no (more) carious enamel or dentin was left. Two dentists then jointly decided on the status of decay for each of the defined locations within the fissure. These ratings served as the ‘gold standard’ diagnoses. The electrical resistance measurement with a sensitivity of 0.96 and a specificity of 0.71 was the only diagnostic tool with acceptable performance. Radiographic diagnosis was characterized by a moderate sensitivity and specificity. All other diagnostic systems had either very low sensitivities or very low specificities, or both. The positive predictive value of FOTI examination and the negative predictive value of the electrical resistance measurements were very high, irrespective of the prevalence of occlusal dentinal decay.

A 3-year cohort study was carried out in 252 pre-school children for early identification of caries-active individuals. During this period information was collected about the acquisition of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli from the age of 2 till 5 years old. At baseline mutans streptococci were detected in 43% of the children while the detection frequency of lactobacilli was low (11.5%). On an individual level, numbers of colony-forming units of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in plaque and saliva varied largely during the study period. The correlations between the numbers of lactobacilli and mutans streptococci in the saliva of the mother and the saliva and plaque of the child were low and never exceeded r = 0.22. Very low correlations (< r = 0.22) were also found between the numbers of mutans streptococci or lactobacilli and the diet in terms of the number of sugar intakes. Nevertheless, in children older than 2.5 years correlations between the clinical caries score and lactobacilli in saliva (range 0.31–0.62) and mutans streptococci in plaque or saliva (range 0.24–0.46) were highly significant (p < 0.01).

In 1986 a nationwide dental survey was performed in the Netherlands. This article describes the prevalence of dentofacial anomalies in the age group 15-74 yr, as well as the subjective and objective need for orthodontic treatment. The main findings were: severe crowding in the mandible was found in approximately 15%; an Angle Class II situation was seen in 28%; a maxillary overjet of greater than 5 mm was found in 23%; orthodontic treatment had or was being performed in approximately 25%; 45% of orthodontic treatment was carried out by a general practitioner; using professionally defined need, 39% of the population required treatment whereas only 14% of the people felt that this treatment was necessary.

Objectives. Handling characteristics and application modes of resin composites are important factors to achieve proper placement of the restorative materiais. The present study was undertaken to assess the influence of the consistency of composite materials and the mode of application on voids and porosities in Class I adhesive restorations. Methods. One hundred medium-sized Class I preparations with an adhesive design were restored with three composites of various consistencies using three different application modes, The restorations were sectioned, and each section of a restoration was inspected for the presence of voids. The total surface and the percentage of the cavity wall occupied by voids as well as the total number of voids in the sections were recorded. A Krusal-Wallis analysis of variance was carried out on the data. Differences between individual composite materials for each mode of application and between individual application modes for each composite material were analyzed using a Mann-Whitney U-test at p < 0.05. Results. The injection technique with a Hawe Neos Centrix tip was the best mode of application. Both smearing and the condensation of composites appeared to produce unreliable results. Furthermore, there were more problems with voids and wall adaptation for the thickerconsistency composite than for the medium-and thin-consistency material. Significance, The thick-consistency composite had more problems related to voids and wall adaptation than the medium-and thinconsistency composites.

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