Thapsigargin (TG), 2,5-t-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) and cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) all inhibit the initial Ca(2+)-response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) by depleting intracellular Ca2+ pools sensitive to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). Treatment of GH3 pituitary cells for 30 min with 5 nM TG, 500 nM tBHQ or 50 nM CPA completely eliminated the TRH-induced spike in intracellular free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i). Higher concentrations of TG and tBHQ, but not CPA, were also found to inhibit strongly the activity of L-type calcium channels, as measured by the increase in [Ca2+]i or 45Ca2+ influx stimulated by depolarization. TG and tBHQ blocked high-K(+)-stimulated 45Ca2+ uptake, with IC50 values of 10 and 1 microM respectively. Maximal inhibition of L-channel activity was achieved 15-30 min after drug addition. Inhibition by tBHQ was reversible, whereas inhibition by TG was not. TG and CPA did not affect spontaneous [Ca2+]i oscillations when tested at concentrations adequate to deplete the IP3-sensitive Ca2+ pool. However, 20 microM TG and 10 microM tBHQ blocked [Ca2+]i oscillations completely. The effect of drugs on calcium currents was measured directly by using the patch-clamp technique. When added to the external bath, 10 microM CPA caused a sustained increase in the calcium-channel current amplitude over 8 min, 10 microM tBHQ caused a progressive inhibition, and 10 microM TG caused an enhancement followed by a sustained block of the calcium current over 8 min. In summary, CPA depletes IP3-sensitive Ca2+ stores and does not inhibit voltage-operated calcium channels. At sufficiently low concentrations, TG depletes IP3-sensitive stores without inhibiting L-channel activity, but, for tBHQ, inhibition of calcium channels occurs at concentrations close to those needed to block agonist mobilization of intracellular Ca2+.

We have measured ionic and gating currents in human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells transiently transfected with cDNAs encoding subunits of the cardiac voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channel. Robust recombinant ionic current and associated nonlinear charge movement could be measured over a broad voltage range without contamination by endogenous channel activity. Coexpression of the alpha 2/delta-subunit along with alpha 1- and beta 2-subunits speeded activation and deactivation kinetics and significantly increased the maximal conductance of ionic current. Charge movement was measured at voltages negative to the threshold for activation of ionic current, and gating charge could be immobilized at positive holding potentials that did not inactivate ionic current. The ratio of maximal ionic conductance to maximal charge moved remained the same in the absence or presence of the alpha 2/delta-subunit. However, the maximal amount of charge moved was increased about twofold in the presence of the alpha 2/delta-subunit. These results suggest that coexpression of the alpha 2/delta-subunit enhances the expression of functional L-type channels and, in addition, provide evidence that most of the L-type channel-associated nonlinear charge movement is caused by transitions between nonconducting states of the channel protein that precede the open and inactivated states.

In transiently transfected mammalian cells we have identified pharmacological consequences of a naturally occurring deletion mutation, delta KPQ, of the human heart Na+ channel alpha subunit that previously has been linked to one form of the long QT syndrome, an inherited heart disease. Our results show that the Class IB antiarrhythmic agent lidocaine blocks maintained inward current through and slows recovery from inactivation of delta KPQ-encoded Na+ channels. Block is greater for maintained than for peak current. Because incomplete inactivation of mutant Na+ channels is now thought to underlie the prolonged ventricular action potential, which is the phenotype of this disease, and we find that the delta KPQ mutation speeds the recovery from inactivation of drug-free mutant channels, our results provide evidence, for the first time, that clinically relevant dysfunctional properties of an ion channel can be selectively targeted on the basis of the molecular properties conferred on the channel by an inherited genetic disorder.

In the adult mammalian myocardium, cellular Ca2+ entry is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system. L-type Ca2+ channel currents are markedly increased by beta-adrenergic (beta-A) agonists, which contribute to changes in pacing and contractile activity of the heart. In the developing mammalian heart, the regulation of Ca2+ entry by this enzyme cascade has not been clearly established, because changes in receptor density and coupling to downstream elements of the signaling cascade are known to occur during embryogenesis. In this study, we systematically investigated the regulation of L-type Ca2+ channel currents during development of the murine embryonic heart. We used conventional whole-cell and perforated-patch-clamp procedures to study modulation of L- type Ca2+ channel currents and to assay functional activity of distinct steps in the beta-A signaling cascade in murine embryonic myocytes at different stages of gestation. Our data indicate that the L-type Ca2+ channels in early-stage (day-11 to -13) myocytes are unresponsive to either isoproterenol or cAMP. L-type Ca2+ channels in late-stage (day-17 to -19) murine myocytes, however, exhibit responses to isoproterenol and cAMP similar to responses in adult cells, providing evidence that the beta-A cascade becomes functionally active during this period of embryonic development. We found that L-type Ca2+ channel activity in early-stage cells is increased by cell dialysis with the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cA-PK) and that dialysis of early-stage cells with the holoenzyme of cA-PK restores functional responses to forskolin and cAMP, but not to isoproterenol. Our results provide strong evidence that a key factor in the early-stage insensitivity of L-type Ca2+ channels to cAMP is the absence, or low expression level, of the holoenzyme of cA-PK but that in addition, another element in the signaling cascade upstream from adenylate cyclase is expressed at a nonfunctional level or is uncoupled from the cascade and thus contributes to L-type Ca2+ channel insensitivity to beta-A agonists in early stages of the developing murine heart.

and by ryanodine (10 /M), 2,5-di(t-butyl)hydroquinone (DBHQ, 10 UM), or thapsigargin (100 nM). 5. Neurones incubated with ryanodine, DBHQ or thapsigargin required at least eight APs to evoke a detectable calcium transient. These reagents did not significantly affect Ca2+ influx (P < 0 05). In the presence of these inhibitors, the calcium transient-AP relation exhibited slopes of 1-2, 1.1 and 1-9 nM AP-1 for ryanodine, DBHQ and thapsigargin, respectively.When compared with the slope of 9 6 nM AP' in non-treated neurones, it appears that Ca2+ influx produced by a single AP is amplified by ca 5-to 10-fold.Calcium can regulate neuronal excitability through direct and indirect mechanisms. Activation of voltage-dependent