This is the first European international multicentre prevalence study of CRS. In this multicentre survey of adults in Europe, about one in ten participants had CRS with marked geographical variation. Smoking was associated with having CRS in all parts of Europe.

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Background: Studies of the relation between maternal diet in pregnancy and respiratory and atopic outcomes in the offspring have focused on the effects of individual nutrients and foods rather than dietary patterns. A study was undertaken to determine whether dietary patterns in pregnancy are related to childhood asthma and related outcomes.

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Background Maternal smoking during pregnancy has detrimental effects on the respiratory health of infants and children. Polymorphisms of antioxidant genes including glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) have been proposed as candidates for asthma and reduced lung function in children. Methods Women enrolled in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children reported smoking habits during pregnancy. Asthma status in their children was established at age 7.5 years from parental reports and lung function was measured by spirometry at age 8.5 years. Maternal and child DNA were genotyped for deletions of GSTM1 and GSTT1 and functional polymorphisms of GSTP1 and Nrf2 genes. Associations of prenatal tobacco smoke exposure with asthma and lung function in children were stratified by maternal genotype. Results In 6606 children, maternal smoking during pregnancy was negatively associated with maximal mid expiratory flow (FEF 25-75 ) (À0.05 SD units, 95% CI À0.07 to À0.03, p<0.001). There was little evidence for interactions between maternal smoking and any maternal genotype considered on children's asthma or lung function. Maternal smoking was associated with reduced childhood FEF 25-75 only in mother-child pairs (n¼1227) with both copies of GSTM1 deleted (À0.08 SD units, 95% CI À0.14 to À0.02, p¼0.01) or (n¼2313) at least one copy of GSTT1 present (À0.05 SD units, 95% CI À0.09 to 0, p¼0.03). Conclusion This study confirms a detrimental effect of intrauterine tobacco smoke exposure on childhood lung function but no strong evidence of modification by maternal genotype for important antioxidant genes. Adverse effects of fetal exposure to tobacco smoke on the respiratory health of children may be mediated by pathways other than oxidative stress.