CRMO is a polymorphous disorder in which whole-body MRI is extremely useful for showing subclinical edema. Vertebral collapse requires long-term monitoring.

Low iron in the thalamus may contribute to ADHD pathophysiology.

To determine age-related risk factors of urological and vascular complications. We performed a retrospective analysis of the data of 202 renal transplantations in 193 children between 1989 and 2007 at a single institution. Out of 193 grafts (combined renal and liver grafts were excluded), we observed urological complications in 42 cases (21.7%) leading to graft loss in one case and vascular complications in 27 cases (13.9%) leading to graft loss in seven. The urological complications were VUR (n=25, 12.4%), ureteral stricture (n=10, 5%), anastomotic leak (n=4, 2%), ureteral necrosis (n=2, 1%), and incrustative pyelitis (n=1, 0.5%). Vascular complications were arterial stricture (n=14, 7.2%), arterial thrombosis (n=4, 2%), venous thrombosis (n=2, 1%), and others (n=7). Donors aged less than six yr were a risk factor of vascular complications leading to graft loss (p=0.0001), whereas patients with PUV had more urological complications (p=0.001). Overall patient and graft survival is 93.1% and 84% at five yr, respectively. Surgical complications remain a major cause of graft loss (12%) and morbidity in children's kidney transplantation (38.9%). Young age of donors is the major risk factor of early graft loss as a result of vascular complication. However, donor selection based on age is limited by the shortage of organs.

US is increasingly performed in Crohn disease (CD) in children as a first line imaging modality. It reduces the use of other more invasive examinations such as endoscopy, CT or contrast enema. We describe bowel ultrasonography technique, normal bowel appearances on US and pathological patterns in CD. We discuss the current role and limitations of bowel US in CD in children including diagnosis, extent of disease, assessment of disease activity, follow-up and detection of complications. The diagnostic accuracy of US is discussed according to the literature and compared to other imaging modalities. US is currently used for screening in children with the suspicion of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with a good negative predictive value. In follow-up, US has a role in monitoring medical treatment by evaluating disease activity, extent of disease and for detecting complications.