Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) in developing countries is based on the premise that conserving tropical forests is a cost-effective way to reduce carbon emissions and therefore can be fully funded by international actors with obligations or interests in reducing emissions. However, concerns have repeatedly been raised about whether stakeholders in REDD+ host countries will actually end up bearing the costs of REDD+. Most prior analyses of the costs of REDD+ have focused on the opportunity costs of foregone alternative uses of forest land. We draw on a pan-tropical study of 22 subnational REDD+ initiatives in five countries to explore patterns in implementation costs, including which types of organizations are involved and which are sharing the costs of implementing REDD+. We find that many organizations involved in the implementation of REDD+, particularly at the subnational level and in the public sector, are bearing implementation costs not covered by the budgets of the REDD+ initiatives. To sustain this level of cost-sharing, REDD+ must be designed to deliver local as well as global forest benefits.

Global Comparative Study on REDD+ii

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Abctract Development is the process of optimizing all the resources for specific purposes and objectives so that it can be expected that all activities to be carried out by the community will be achieved. The problem is, development often causes a decrease in the quality of the environment resulting an environmental problems. The concept of Sustainable Development is a major concern in various development planning and implementation processes. With sustainable development, development is expected to have a minimum impact on the occurrence of environmental damage. Strategic Environmental Assessment is a study that evaluate policies, plans and programs contained in spatial plans and development plans. The purpose of this study is to identify the effectiveness of strategic environmental assessment activities in supporting sustainable development in Sumbawa Regency. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method by examining the substance of the strategic environmental assessment in Sumbawa Regency. The type of data obtained is primary data obtained from the results of focus group discussions with the community and related agencies. The results of the research are that the strategic environmental study has been quite effective in assessing the negative impacts of a policy, plan and program on the environment, but has not been effective in solving the problem of sustainable development.

This report explores the institutional barriers to land conflict resolution in Indonesia, focuses on the government's institutional structure and capacity at the national level, leaving aside the courts and regional or local government. It provides information on the overview of land conflict in Indonesia, the distribution of authority within the national government in land conflict resolution, how it affects the resolution efforts, and other factors that hamper the efforts of national institutions to effectively resolve land conflicts.