As the climate warms, species that cannot tolerate changing conditions will only persist if they undergo range shifts. Redistribution ability may be particularly variable for benthic marine species that disperse as pelagic larvae in ocean currents. The blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, has recently experienced a warming-related range contraction in the southeastern USA and may face limitations to northward range shifts within the Gulf of Maine where dominant coastal currents flow southward. Thus, blue mussels might be especially vulnerable to warming, and understanding dispersal patterns is crucial given the species' relatively long planktonic larval period (>1 month). To determine whether trace elemental “fingerprints” incorporated in mussel shells could be used to identify population sources (i.e. collection locations), we assessed the geographic variation in shell chemistry of blue mussels collected from seven populations between Cape Cod, Massachusetts and northern Maine. Across this ∼500 km of coastline, we were able to successfully predict population sources for over two-thirds of juvenile individuals, with almost 80% of juveniles classified within one site of their collection location and 97% correctly classified to region. These results indicate that significant differences in elemental signatures of mussel shells exist between open-coast sites separated by ∼50 km throughout the Gulf of Maine. Our findings suggest that elemental “fingerprinting” is a promising approach for predicting redistribution potential of the blue mussel, an ecologically and economically important species in the region.
The distortion caused by the ohmic resistance of the solution in a channel electrode experiment has been calculated by combining a threedimensional finite element approach based on a resistor network, solved by the SPICE program, in an iterative procedure with the backward-implicit finite difference method, for the case of a reversible I-electron reduction. By this means, the current distribution over the electrode may be calculated taking into account not only the nonuniform potential distribution imposed by the electrolyte resistance but also the alteration to mass transport induced by the potential distribution. The potential-dependent variation in Tafel slope introduced by the ohmic distortion is calculated and is shown to be in close agreement with experimental data obtaincd from the reversible one-electron reduction of p-chloranil, allowing the practical current range for experimental measurements to be assessed and if necessary extended. The three-dimensional SPICE simulation has also been applied to study the effect of reducing the electrode width to a small fraction of the channel width, when significant current flow to the sides of the electrode will occur.
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