No abstract

Studies of others have shown that class 3 aldehyde dehydrogenase is a major component of the epithelial cells of the mammalian cornea. Here we demonstrate by peptide sequencing that other major proteins of the corneal epithelium are also identical or related to enzymes in the human, mouse, kangaroo, chicken, and squid. Aldehyde dehydrogenase class 3 was found to be the major protein of human, mouse, and kangaroo corneal epithelial cells. Peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase (cyclophilin) or a homologue thereof is strikingly abundant in the corneal epithelial cells of chicken, but not mammals, and appears to be absent from the cornea of squid. By contrast, enolase or its homologue is relatively abundant in both the mammalian and chicken corneal epithelial cells. In some instances, abundant enzymes are common to cornea and lens in the same species-for example, arininosuccinate lyase/81-crystallin in the chicken and glutathione S-transferase-like protein in the squid; in other cases, the abundant proteins in the cornea have not been found as lens crystallins in any species-for example, aldehyde dehydrogenase class 3 and cyclophilin. These data suggest that enzymes and certain enzyme-crystallins have been recruited as major corneal proteins in a taxon-specific manner and may serve structural rather than, or as well as, enzymatic roles in corneal epithelial cells.

In Mécanisme de la physionomie humaine, the great nineteenth-century French neurologist Duchenne de Boulogne combined his intimate knowledge of facial anatomy with his skill in photography and expertise in using electricity to stimulate individual facial muscles to produce a fascinating interpretation of the ways in which the human face portrays emotions. This book was pivotal in the development of psychology and physiology as it marked the first time that photography had been used to illustrate, and therefore 'prove', a series of experiments. In this volume, Andrew Cuthbertson has provided an English translation of Duchenne, complete with a reproduction of the marvellous Album of photographs. The four commentary chapters by modern experts describe the relevance of Duchenne's findings to the fields of experimental psychology, plastic surgery, neurology and physiology. This book will therefore be valued by all those who deal with facial expression, including psychologists, physicians and those involved in the fine arts and photography.