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Free fatty acids are an important intermediate for several industrial applications, particularly for production of biodiesel via methanolysis. The use of subcritical water as both solvent and reactant for the hydrolysis of vegetable oil to generate fatty acids has recently been proven to be a successful medium for hydrolysis without employing acid or alkali catalysts, while allowing for a simple process and high yield. Continuous flow hydrolysis of sunflower oil in subcritical water to obtain FFA was investigated in a tubular reactor at 10 to 20 MPa, 270 to 350 ı C and water/oil ratios of 80:20 and 50:50 v:v%. The rate of the hydrolysis was enhanced significantly by increasing reaction temperature end decreasing the water/oil ratio.

During the past decades, the State of Kuwait has witnessed population growth, significant economic development and a rise in the level of income. This has resulted in a significant increase in the number of vehicles, which is vital for the local inhabitants and this has led to increased air pollutants, particularly in urban areas. This study aims to estimate the emission of carbon dioxide from the transport sector in The State of Kuwait using IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories for the period from 2001 to 2010. According to the policy analysis made, there are no policies directly aimed at reducing the number of registered vehicles which shown an increase of 6% per year for the same period as compared to an annual population growth rate of 2.67%. Finally, contribution of vehicular emissions of CO2, especially in urban areas, was estimated by the results of this study, and thus it is recommended that policies be developed to especially reduce the growing number of vehicles. Additional recommendations include the acceleration of the implementation of high efficiency mass transport projects. Furthermore, the use of awareness campaigns for citizens is highly recommended.