The aim of the work – the article presents the results of determining of the resistance of S. aureus ATCC 25923, E. coli 055K59 No. 3912/4 and P. aeruginosa 27/99 test cultures in planktonic form and in biofilm to our developed «Milkodez» acid detergent. Materials and methods. Microbial biofilms were grown on MPB in 5 cm disposable plastic Petri dishes. To determine the effect of disinfectants on microbial biofilms, 3 Petri dishes with biofilms of each of the test cultures were used. One of the Petri dishes served as control and she had for 15 minutes made 5 cm3 of saline NaCl solution, in the second – 5 cm3 of hot water (t=70±5 °C), and in the third – 5 cm3 of acidic detergent «Milkodez». Microbial biofilms were fixed for 10 min. 96º with ethyl alcohol for 10 min. were stained with a 0.1 % solution of crystalline violet, and the remnants of the unabsorbed paint were removed with phosphate buffer. The biofilm dye was extracted with 96º of ethyl alcohol, which was photocolometrically investigated at 570 nm to establish the density of the formed biofilms. The density of the formed microbial biofilms was considered low in optical density of the extract up to 0.5 units, average – from 0.5 to 1.0 units; and high – over 1.0 units The resistance of planktonic forms of test cultures of microorganisms to disinfectants was determined in sterile tubes, which made 10 cm3 (t=70±5 °C) of 0.5 % of their working solutions and 0.1 cm3 (1 billion microbial bodies) of the standard test – cultures. The culture was maintained for 15 min. and made ten – fold plantings on IPA in Petri dishes. Incubation of mesophilic microorganisms was carried out in a thermostat at a temperature of 30 °C, and psychrophilic – 20 °C. After 48 hours the calculation of the growing colonies were carried out. The results were expressed in colony forming units (CFU). Results. Due to the impact on microbial biofilms formed by the test cultures of S. aureus ATCC 25923, E. coli 055K59 No. 3912/41 and P. aeruginosa 27/99 for 15 min. 0.5 % solution of acid detergent «Milkodez» the optical density of the solutions was respectively 0.64, 0.72, 0.45 units. The results obtained indicate that the melkodez caused a decrease in the biofilm–forming ability of S. aureus ATCC 25923 3.2 times, in E. coli 055K59 No. 3912/41 – 1,7 times and in P. aeruginosa 27/99 – 2.8 times, compared to control. However, the density of one – day microbial biofilms formed by S. aureus ATCC 25923 and E. coli 055K59 No. 3912/41 was medium, and P. aeruginosa 27/99 was low. It has been proven that the «Milkodez» acid detergent developed is more effective than the prototype «Hypracid», since it caused the death of 100 % of planktonic test cultures and the number of S. aureus ATCC 25923, E. coli 055K59 No. 3912/41 and P. aeruginosa 27/99 formed in the biofilm that survived after its application was 2.7, 3.2 and 1.4 times lower, respectively. Conclusions. It was found that the test cultures were able to form high – density biofilms, since the optical density of the extract in the control was in the range from 1.28 to 2.05 units, which is greater than 1.0 units. Acid wash detergent «Milkodez» for 15 minutes of exposure causes the formation of S. aureus ATCC 25923, E. coli 055K59 No. 3912/41 and P. aeruginosa 27/99 biofilms of low and medium density and reduces their biofilm capacity by 3.2, 1.7 and 2.8 times, respectively. Its use provides the death of 100 % of the planktonic forms of the test cultures under study and reduces their number in the biofilm by 2.7, 3.2 and 1,4 times more, respectively, compared to «Hypracid» detergent.
Verkholiuk, M.M., & Pelenio, R.A. (2018). The destructive effect of strong concentrations of orthophosphate acid in an acid detergent disinfectant on elements of milking equipment made of stainless steel and aluminum. Scientific MessengerA huge part of the milking equipment and milk dishes are made of stainless steel and aluminum. Under certain conditions, the influence of such factors as the atmosphere, water, milk, and chemical agents leads to the destruction of metal working surfaces of the milking equipment, resulting in a shorter period of their exploitation. On damaged sites the milk remains are left, that is actually a good nutrient medium, resulting in the creation of conditions for the active development of the microflora. As a result, the following process leads to a marked reduction in disinfectant effect when sanitized. The object of this work was to investigate the influence of various concentrations of orthophosphate acid in an acid detergent disinfectant on the elements of the milking equipment made of stainless steel and aluminum. Accordingly, the result of the conducted research showed that the orthophosphate acid of all four experimental concentrations (20, 25, 30, 35%) in the acid detergent showed a slight destructive effect on stainless steel and was within the standard of corrosion value up to 2 g/m 2 /year. The increase in the concentration of orthophosphate acid caused a growth in the amount of destruction of stainless steel, which was the highest in the concentration of 35% and amounted to 0.326 g/m 2 /year. The rate of destruction of stainless steel was in the range from 0.895 ± 0.0036 to 1.712 ± 0.0031 mg/m 2 /hour and was significantly lower than the norm, which is up to 6.0 mg/m 2 -year. The magnitude of the destructive action of 20, 25, 30, 35% of the concentration of orthophosphoric acid in an acid mist and disinfectant on the plates of aluminum was higher than the norm, respectively, at 2.42, 2.88, 3.09 and 3.60 times, and the rate of destruction -respectively, at 2.17, 2.63, 2.82 and 3.28 times. Therefore, the addition of a nitric acid ammonium inhibitor in the experimental variants of acidic detergent disinfectant resulted in a decrease in the magnitude of the destruction of aluminum. The results were higher than the norm but were significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05) compared to control, which used «Ecocid», an acid concentration of 30%.
The material for the reseach were the washes that were taken from the milk utensils, portable milking machines, surface of the cooler, milking unit with the UDM 200 “Bratslavchanka” and milking parlor “Yalinka”. Washing of milking equipment and milk equipment was carried out with 0.5% hot solution (70 ± 5 ℃) of alkaline “Hyprochlor” and acid detergents disinfectant “Milkodez” and “Hypracid”. Processing of milk dishes, portable milking machines and cooler with acidic means was carried out for 2 and 5 minutes, cooler for 5 and 10 minutes, and installations of milking machine with UDM 200 “Bratslavchanka” milking parlor and “Yalinka” milking parlor – for 15 minutes by pumping the solution several times using a vacuum unit. The equipment, sanitary treatment of which was carried out by means of “Hyprochlor” and “Hypracid”, used as control. The disinfectant effect of the investigated agents was evaluated by the number of mesophilic aerobic and optional anaerobic microorganisms (MAOanM) in washings selected after washing and in milk. It was found that for the use of “Milkodez” dairy utensils for sanitary treatment, the amount of MAOanM on the surface of milking buckets and glass jars was smaller compared to their treatment with “Hypracid”, and the difference was for 2 and 5 min respectively 86.5% and 57.7% and 97.3 and 95.7%, respectively. Microbial contamination of fresh milk was reduced by 50.5% and 91.3%, respectively. The smallest amount of MAОanM in washes from milking rubber, milk hose, collector and milking tank of portable milking machines was in 5 minutes of their washing “Hyprochlor” and “Milkodez” and were respectively 0.6, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.2 thousand CFU/sm3, which allowed to obtain milk with the content of microorganisms 26 thousand CFU/sm3. The number of microorganisms per 1 sm3 of flushing from the walls of the cooler for 10 min of sanitary treatment by means of “Hyprochlor” and “Hypracid” was 5.8 thousand CFU/sm3, while for 5 min of exposure of the preparations “Hyprochlor” and “Milkodez” their number was 1.1 thousand CFU/cm3, and for 10 min – 0.4 thousand CFU/cm3. Thus, the number of microbial cells in 1 sm3 of milk was respectively 248000, 41000 and 29000 CFU. It is proved that for the sanitary treatment of UDM 200 “Bratslavchanka” and milking parlor “Yalinka” it is advisable to use the acid detergent disinfectant “Milkodez”, which provided 11.7 and 20.3 times less total amount of microorganisms in the washes from the elements and in 3.6 and 7.1 times in fresh milk, compared to “Hypracid”. The optimal mode of application of 0.5% solution of acid detergent disinfectant “Milkodez” for the effective sanitary treatment of milk utensils is 5 minutes, milking equipment – 10 minutes, and for the treatment of milking installations with milk pipeline and milking parlor – 15 minutes, after the previous washing them with an alkaline agent “Hyprochlor”.
A significant increase in demand among the population for turkey meat makes turkey farming one of the most competitive and economically profitable agribusinesses and the fastest growing segment of poultry farming. The investment attractiveness of growing turkeys increases annually by 20–30 %, and the profitability is from 20 to 25 %. Consumer demand, which ensures a constant sales market, sufficient fodder base, availability of labor resources, and several other factors became prerequisites for the transformation of turkey farming from small homestead enterprises into large industrial complexes, which, as a rule, implement intensive production technology. The desire of the owners to increase profits, using the minimum amount of production space for this purpose, quite often leads to the violation of established sanitary and hygienic requirements, which regulate the density of poultry planting per 1 m2 of area. An increase in the number of animals or birds in a specific territory leads to a deterioration of the body's physiological state and a decrease in resistance. It is also the cause of the emergence and development of diseases, both infectious and non-infectious etiology. With the intensive technology of growing turkeys, there is a rapid growth of muscle tissue, in particular, the sternum, which is much more likely to be injured due to a high density of planting, which can be one of the etiological factors of the formation and development of keel "bubbles."The research was carried out at “Indykat” LLC and “UPG-Invest” LLC, which are located in the village of Kadubivtsi and village Mamaivtsi, Chernivtsi region, as well as the “Dobrobut” MPP of the village. Berezdivtsi of the Lviv region on turkeys of the Big-6 breed, in which the density of planting turkeys was different. To establish the dependence of the number of cases of damage to the bird by the keel "bubbles" on the density of its landing on 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 days of cultivation, an examination of the entire flock was carried out, which included an examination and palpation of the sternum. During the final period of both females and males rearing, the number of lesions was determined based on the post-mortem examination of the carcasses. It was established that in all experimental farms, the density of poultry housing was more significant than the established sanitary and hygienic norms. The slightest deviation from the regulated indicators, which ranged from 16.7 to 37.5 %, in all age groups, was in the form of LLC “UPG-Invest”, and the largest, from 30.2 to 39.4 %, was in the MPP “Welfare”. The pathology of the keel in turkeys in the form of “bubbles” was clinically manifested from the 61st day of their rearing. The most minor incidence, which ranged from 5.2 to 13.9 %, was in the age group of 61–90 days, increased with age and, in the period from 91 to 120 days, ranged from 15.4 to 20.9 %, and from 121 to 150 days – from 18.4 to 23.9 %. According to such indicators, the average incidence of the indicated age groups in experimental poultry farms was 10.3, 17.4, and 20.6 %, respectively. The least affected (13.1 %) was the poultry at UPG-Invest LLC, where the stocking density exceeded the maximum permissible values by only 0.7–1.2 birds/m2, and the most (18.9 %) was at the MPP farm “Dobrobut”, in which the density of accommodation was more significant than the established sanitary and hygienic standards by 1.3–2.6 birds/m2.
The article presents the data of the effect of different doses of pyridoxine hydrochloride on the activity of humoral immunity in the blood serum of calves of the dairy growing period. The lowest activity of the indicators of humoral immunity was found in the serum of calves for the first day of life in all research groups. Exogenous administration of pyridoxine hydrochloride to colostrum and milk led to changes in the studied parameters. It was found that the bactericidal activity of serum increases on the 21st day of calf life and slightly decreases on the 90th day. The addition of pyridoxine hydrochloride at different doses to the milk leads to a probable increase in bactericidal activity of the serum only at doses of 4.0 mg/kg body weight at 60 and 90 days (P<0.05) and 5.0 mg/kg body weight from 21 90 days (P<0.05). Serum lysozyme activity increases during ontogeny and under the action of exogenous pyridoxine hydrochloride. A significant difference between the lysozyme activity indices of the control and experimental groups was established in calves of II, III, IV and V groups on the 60th and 90th day (P<0.05, P<0.01). Complementary activity of serum increases during ontogenesis, and additional introduction of pyridoxine hydrochloride has led to its decrease. A significant decrease in the complementary activity of serum was detected in calves at doses of 4 mg/kg body weight on the 90th day (P<0.05) and 5 mg/kg body weight from 21st to 90th day (P<0.05, P<0.01).
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