The larvae of the European Myrmeleontidae are reviewed with the aim to ease their identification, covering 15 genera and 28 species. Diagnostic characters and illustrations are given for each taxon. Larvae of the genera Nemoleon and Macronemurus are described for the first time while Megistopus, Neuroleon and Myrmeleon are revised. The larvae of Dendroleon pantherinus (Fabricius), Macronemurus appendiculatus (Latreille), Megistopus lucasi (Navás), Nemoleon notatus (Rambur), Neuroleon arenarius (Navás), Neuroleon assimilis (Navás), Neuroleon nemausiensis (Borkhausen), Cueta lineosa (Rambur) and Myrmeleon gerlindae (Hölzel) are described or accurately depicted for the first time.
RESUMENSe aportan nuevos datos de 41 especies de crisópidos de las Faunas Ibérica, Balear y Canaria. Se redescribe la morfología externa y genital de Chrysopa nigricostata Brauer, 1850 y se corrigen sus citas erróneas de España y Portugal, que mayoritariamente se asignan a Cunctochrysa cosmia (Navás, 1918). Se revalida la especie Chrysopa cosmia Navás, 1918 estatus válido restaurado (antes sinónima posterior de Chrysopa nigricostata) y se transfiere al género Cunctochrysa, proponiéndose una nueva combinación: Cunctochrysa cosmia (Navás, 1918) n. comb., y una nueva sinonimia: Cunctochrysa cosmia (Navás, 1918)=(Cunctochrysa bellifontensis Leraut, 1988) n. sin. Sobre el único ejemplar hasta ahora conocido de Cunctochrysa cosmia y el nuevo material ahora a ella asignado, se redescribe su morfología externa y genital, aportándose una clave de identificación para las tres especies europeas del género Cunctochrysa, anotándose nuevos datos para diferenciarlas tanto entre sí, como de otras especies europeas de similar morfología y coloración (Pseudomallada flavifrons, Chrysopa viridana y especialmente C. nigricostata). Por estas similitudes, se detectan algunos errores en la identificación de estas especies, se llama la atención sobre la posible confusión entre estas especies, y se sugiere revisar la autenticidad de sus sinonimias propuestas. Se establecen dos nuevas combinaciones: Pseudomallada subcostalis (McLachlan, 1882) n. comb. y Pseudomallada fortunatus (McLachlan, 1882) n. comb. Palabras clave: Insecta; Neuroptera; Chrysopidae; faunística; biología; fenología; Península Ibérica; Islas Baleares; Islas Canarias; Paleártico. ABSTRACT New data on some Iberian, Balearic and Canarian green lacewing species (Insecta, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae)New data on 41 green-lacewings species belonging to the Iberian, Balearic and Canarian faunas are given. The external morphology and genitalia of Chrysopa nigricostata Brauer, 1850 are re-described, and the erroneous citations given for Spain and Portugal, mostly assigned now to Cunctochrysa cosmia (Navás, 1918), are corrected. The species Chrysopa cosmia Navás, 1918 is confirmed, and its valid status reinstated (previously a later synonymous of Chrysopa nigricostata), and it is transferred to the genus Cunctochrysa, proposing a new combination: Cunctochrysa cosmia (Navás, 1918) n. comb., and a new synonymy: Cunctochrysa cosmia (Navás, 1918)=(Cunctochrysa bellifontensis Leraut, 1988 n. syn.) is now proposed. Based on the single known of Cunctochrysa cosmia and on the material now assigned to this species, its external and genital morphology are re-described, giving an identification key for the three European species of the genus Cunctochrysa, underscoring certain elements to differentiate them from one another, as well from other European species with a similar morphology and coloration (Pseudomallada flavifrons, Chrysopa viridana and specially C. nigricostata). Because of these similarities, some errors in the identification of these European species are detected. This paper draws ...
Spermatozoa from members of Hemerobiidae, Chrysopidae and Mantispidae (Arthropoda; Hexapoda: Neuroptera) have been examined by electron microscopy. In all species examined, the nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear envelope that in its anterior domain, fans out laterally into one (Chrysopidae) or two wings (Hemerobiidae and Mantispidae). Furthermore, the anterior sperm region is surrounded by external dense material. In Mantispidae, sperm dimorphism with two types of spermatozoa is also confirmed: paraspermatozoa (not fertilizing), provided with giant axoneme and mitochondrial derivatives, and euspermatozoa (fertilizing). Spermatozoa of Chrysopidae and Mantispidae are characterized by the lack of an acrosome while sperm cells of Hemerobiidae are provided with a bilayered acrosome. Spermatozoa from all the investigated species have axonemes of the conventional insect type, with a 9+9+2 microtubular pattern and with accessory tubules provided with 16 protofilaments. In all the examined taxa the intertubular material has the same localization also observed in all other previously analysed Neuroptera. The mitochondrial derivatives and the accessory bodies in the three families are also described. Hemerobiidae are characterized by the presence of a large groove of the plasma membrane along the right side of the anterior sperm region, which results in an eccentric position of the axoneme. Chrysopidae have large mitochondrial derivatives, which encircle the axoneme. The peculiar feature regarding the nuclear envelope was not seen in other members of neuropteroid insects. These data are discussed in the light of the phylogenetic relationships of the taxa examined.
The larvae of all the European genera of Ascalaphidae are compared for the first time, highlighting the differential characters for identification purposes. The larva of the genus Ascalaphus is described for the first time while those of Puer, Bubopsis and Deleproctophylla are deeply revised. Actually, the larvae of Ascalaphus festivus (Rambur), Puer maculatus (Olivier), Bubopsis agrionoides (Rambur), Deleproctophylla australis (Rambur), Libelloides latinus (Lefebvre), Libelloides corsicus (Rambur) and Libelloides siculus (Angelini) are described or accurately depicted for the first time. The known larvae of the genus Libelloides are reviewed.
The impaired activity of tyrosinase and laccase can provoke serious concerns in the life cycles of mammals, insects and microorganisms. Investigation of inhibitors of these two enzymes may lead to the discovery of whitening agents, medicinal products, anti-browning substances and compounds for controlling harmful insects and bacteria. A small collection of novel reversible tyrosinase and laccase inhibitors with a phenylpropanoid and hydroxylated biphenyl core was prepared using naturally occurring compounds and their activity was measured by spectrophotometric and electrochemical assays. Biosensors based on tyrosinase and laccase enzymes were constructed and used to detect the type of protein-ligand interaction and half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). Most of the inhibitors showed an IC50 in a range of 20–423 nM for tyrosinase and 23–2619 nM for laccase. Due to the safety concerns of conventional tyrosinase and laccase inhibitors, the viability of the new compounds was assayed on PC12 cells, four of which showed a viability of roughly 80% at 40 µM. In silico studies on the crystal structure of laccase enzyme identified a hydroxylated biphenyl bearing a prenylated chain as the lead structure, which activated strong and effective interactions at the active site of the enzyme. These data were confirmed by in vivo experiments performed on the insect model Tenebrio molitur.
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