Hedranthera barteri, HB (Apocynaceae) is a shrub in the closed

The aqueous, methanol and chloroform extracts of Landolphia owariensis leaves (AELO, MELO & CELO respectively)

SUMMARY1. The effect of phlorizin on glucose, water and sodium handling by the kidney in anaesthetized rats was investigated, using clearance techniques, during infusion of saline (200 j1. min-') or saline to which either low (0 1 smole kg body weight-' ml.-') or high (1.0 molee kg body weight-' ml.-') doses of phlorizin had been added.2. Phlorizin increased the absolute and fractional excretion of glucose, urine osmolality and negative free water clearance; and reduced urine flow rate, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), absolute and fractional excretion of sodium, absolute excretion of sodium, absolute excretion of potassium and absolute and fractional rates of glucose reabsorption.3. The data indicate that phlorizin has sites of action and effects additional to those on glucose transport in the proximal tubule.4. Within each series there was a positive correlation between sodium and glucose reabsorption; but the rate of glucose reabsorption was different between each series even though the sodium reabsorption was not.5. It is suggested that since both sodium and glucose reabsorption correlate with GFR, they may be related via GFR.6. The data indicate that for the whole kidney any effect of glucose on sodium transport is small relative to total renal handling of sodium.

SummaryRats fed on a supplement of millet, Guinea-corn, rice or maize given in addition to laboratory stock diet showed a high degree of protection against experimental ulceration following indomethacin administration. A higher degree of protection was shown when the rats were fed with the mixture of the four cereals and laboratory stock diet. The tubers did not offer protection, while a mixture of beans and millet, Guinea-corn, unpolished rice, and maize offered no protection. The significance of such findings with regard to the geographical distribution of duodenal ulcer in Nigeria is discussed.

Summary:In this study we used several models for evaluation of probable anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of the flavonoid fraction of the leaves of Voacanga africana, using mice and rats. The extract (50 -150mg/kg, p.o) inhibited, in a dose-related manner, carrageenan induced paw oedema in rats. The extract caused a significant inhibition of the cotton-pellet granuloma. Vascular permeability induced by acetic-acid in the peritoneum of the animals was equally inhibited. The extract also exhibited significant analgesic action in acetic acid-induced pain in mice. There was reduction of writhings induced by acetic acid. In the formalin test, the extract caused inhibition of the neurogenic (first phase) and inflammatory phase (second phase) of formalininduced pain. The extract also produced anti-nociception in the animals, as assessed by the tail flick, hot-plate and limb-withdrawal tests. These findings suggest that the leaf extract of Voacanga africana has potent antiimfiammatory and anti-nociceptive action.