A method is described for the separation and quantitative determination of the monomeric phenolics of ciders. These are fractionally eluted from a silica-gel column with 2-methylpropan-2-ol/chloroform mixtures of increasing 2-methylpropan-2-01 content. The U.V. spectrum of each fraction is obtained in the range 250-400 nm. Fractions containing hydroxycinnamic acid esters of quinic acid are first irradiated with U.V. light to equilibrate cis and trans forms. The concentration of each of the phenolics is calculated from extinctions at appropriate wavelengths. Ciders from some cider-apple cultivars contained in order of decreasing concentration 5-chlorogenic acid, 4-p-coumarylquinic acid, catechins, phloridzin and phloretin xyloglucoside. In one cultivar catechins were undetectable while in others they exceeded the p-coumarylquinic acid. The contribution of the phenolics to the tannin content is discussed. '

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1. Growing cells of a small number of strains of Acetomonas oxydans oxidized d-quinate to 5-dehydroquinate. 2. d-Shikimate was oxidized to 4,5-dihydroxy-3-oxocyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylate (3-dehydroshikimate, formerly 5-dehydroshikimate). 3. d-Dihydroshikimate was oxidized to the corresponding 5-dehydro compound, but epidihydroshikimate oxidation by growing cells was not observed. 4. Cell-free extracts oxidized d-quinate to 5-dehydroquinate with the consumption of the stoicheiometric amount of oxygen, but oxidation of shikimate and dihydroshikimate did not go to completion. 5. Oxidation of quinate was brought about by a constitutive particulate enzyme probably localized in the cytoplasmic membrane. No evidence was found for the participation of NAD, NADP or free flavine compounds in electron transport, but the system was cytochrome-linked.

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The keto-acids of cider-apple juices and ciders have been studied qualitatively by conversion t o their 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones and subsequent catalytic hydrogenation t o the corresponding amino-acids. The metabolism of pyruvic and wketoglutaric acids during fermentation has been followed quantitatively ; possible metabolic pathways are discussed.