An important prerequisite for a conservation programme is a comprehensive description of genetic diversity. The aim of this study was to use anonymous genetic markers to assess the between- and the within-population components of genetic diversity for European pig breeds at the scale of the whole continent using microsatellites. Fifty-eight European pig breeds and lines were analysed including local breeds, national varieties of international breeds and commercial lines. A sample of the Chinese Meishan breed was also included. Eleven additional breeds from a previous project were added for some analyses. Approximately 50 individuals per breed were genotyped for a maximum of 50 microsatellite loci. Substantial within-breed variability was observed, with the average expected heterozygosity and observed number of alleles per locus being 0.56 [range 0.43-0.68] and 4.5 respectively. Genotypic frequencies departed from Hardy-Weinberg expectations (P < 0.01) in 15 European populations, with an excess of homozygotes in 12 of them. The European breeds were on average genetically very distinct, with a Wright F(ST) index value of 0.21. The Neighbour-Joining tree drawn from the Reynolds distances among the breeds showed that the national varieties of major breeds and the commercial lines were mostly clustered around their breeds of reference (Duroc, Hampshire, Landrace, Large White and Piétrain). In contrast, local breeds, with the exception of the Iberian breeds, exhibited a star-like topology. The results are discussed in the light of various forces, which may have driven the recent evolution of European pig breeds. This study has consequences for the interpretation of biodiversity results and will be of importance for future conservation programmes.
RESUMO -Foram determinados os componentes de (co)variância para caracteres do período pós-desmama na raça Angus e de covariância com peso ao nascer (PN) e caracteres do período pré-desmama por intermédio de um modelo animal. Utilizaram-se dados de 18.921 animais com registros de peso à desmama e ao sobreano, dos quais 4.452 tinham avaliações completas para escores visuais à desmama e ao sobreano. Registros de PN estavam disponíveis para 11.788 animais. As herdabilidades do ganho de peso pós-desmama (GP205) e dos escores de conformação (CS), precocidade (GS), musculatura (MS) e tamanho (TS) ao sobreano foram de 0,20, 0,19, 0,25, 0,26 e 0,24 respectivamente. As correlações genéticas entre os caracteres estudados foram todas positivas: entre GP205 e escores visuais variaram de 0,50 a 0,71; para os escores ao sobreano entre si, de 0,22 a 0,94; entre GP205 e PN foram de 0,14; entre GP205 e ganho pré-desmama, de 0,23; e para o mesmo escore visual observado à desmama e ao sobreano, de 0,90 a 0,99. Esses resultados indicam que é possível selecionar para GP205, sem aumento importante do PN, e que a seleção para GP205 deverá promover uma mudança genética correlacionada em escores visuais ao sobreano.Palavras-chave: Angus, bovinos de corte, correlação genética, herdabilidade, período pós-desmama (Co)Variance Components and Genetic Parameters of Post-Weaning Traits in Angus CattleABSTRACT -(Co)variance components were determined for post-weaning traits, and covariances with birth weight (BW) and preweaning traits, in Angus cattle using an animal model. Records of weaning and yearling weights of 18,921 animals were used and from these 4,452 had complete evaluations of visual scores at weaning and post-weaning phases. Records of BW were available for 11,788 animals. Heritabilities of post-weaning gain (GP205) and visual scores for conformation (YC), precocity (YP), muscling (YM) and size (YS) were 0.20, 0.19, 0.25, 0.26 and 0.24, respectively. Genetic correlations among all traits considered were positive: between GP205 and visual scores the range was from 0.50 to 0.71; for yearling scores among themselves from 0.22 to 0.94; between GP205 and BW was 0.14; between GP205 and pre-weaning gain was 0.23 and for the same score at weaning and yearling stages they varied from 0.90 to 0.99.These results indicate that it is possible to select for GP205 without a significant increase in BW and that the selection for GP205 should produce a correlated genetic change on yearling visual scores.
RESUMO -Foram estimados componentes de (co)variância e parâmetros genéticos para peso ao nascer (PN), ganho do nascimento à desmama (G205) e escores de conformação (CD), precocidade de terminação (GD), musculatura (MD) e tamanho (TD) à desmama, utilizando-se registros de desmama de 40.915 bezerros Angus, criados no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, sul do Brasil. Desses, 12.706 tinham pesagem ao nascer e 11.863, avaliação completa para escores visuais (EV). Os dados foram analisados por meio de um modelo animal, em análises uni e multivariadas, e os componentes de variância estimados pela máxima verossimilhança restrita. As herdabilidades aditivas diretas estimadas foram 0,29; 0,25; 0,18; 0,19; 0,19; e 0,21, respectivamente, para PN, G205, CD, GD, MD e TD. A herdabilidade materna para G205 foi 0,16 e a correlação entre efeito genético direto e materno, -0,51. Essa correlação negativa indica antagonismo entre esses efeitos e provocou decréscimo na herdabilidade total para G205, que foi 0,18. A contribuição do ambiente permanente da vaca para a variância fenotípica esteve entre um mínimo de 0,05 para PN e máximo de 0,12 para G205. A correlação genética entre PN e G205 foi -0,06, mostrando que estes caracteres são independentes geneticamente. As correlações genéticas encontradas entre G205 e EV foram entre 0,71 e 0,86 e de EV entre si, 0,58 a 0,91. Essas associações positivas entre os escores visuais e destes com o crescimento na fase pré-desmama favorecem a seleção conjunta destes caracteres, por meio de índices de seleção.Palavras-chave: bovinos de corte, correlações, herdabilidade, modelo animal (Co)Variance Components and Genetic Parameters for Weaning Production Traits of Angus Calves Raised in the State of Rio Grande do SulABSTRACT -(Co) variance components and genetic parameters for birth weight (BW), adjusted weaning gain (AWG) and for conformation (WC), precocity (WP), muscling (WM) and size (WS) scores at weaning were estimated, from records of 40,915 Angus calves, raised in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. From that data, 12,706 had birth weight records and 11,863 had complete records for visual scores (VS). The data were analyzed using an animal model, in uni and multivariate analyses, and the variance components estimated by restrict maximum likelihood. The direct additive heritabilities estimated were 0.29, 0.25, 0.18, 0.19, 0.19 and 0.21, respectively for BW, AWG, WC, WP, WM and WS. Maternal heritability for AWG was 0.16 and genetic correlation between direct and maternal effects was -0.51. This high negative correlation indicates antagonism between these effects and decreases total heritability for AWG to 0.18. The contribution of dam permanent environment to phenotypic variance was between a minimum of 0.05 for BW and a maximum of 0.12 for AWG. Genetic correlation between BW and AWG was -0.06, showing that these traits are genetically nondependent. The genetic correlations found between AWG and VS were from 0.71 to 0.86, and among VS traits from 0.58 to 0.91. These positive associations ...
Thirteen crossbred ewes were used to compare weigh-suckle-weigh (WSW) and machine milking (MM) methods for determining milk production of ewes that were rearing single or twin lambs. At parturition, ewes were 13 mo of age and produced six single lambs and seven pairs of twin lambs. Milk production estimates were initiated on d 6 of lactation and a 3-d rotation of the two techniques was implemented. On d 6, milk production was measured using WSW; on d 7, MM was used. No measurement was made on d 8. The 3-d rotation was repeated 20 times throughout a 63-d lactation, resulting in 20 point estimates of milk production for each method of measurement for each ewe. The WSW procedure consisted of a 3-h period in which lambs were withheld from suckling their dams. This was followed by a suckling period, a second 3-h withholding period, and a second suckling period. Differences in pre- and postsuckling lamb weights of the second suckling period were defined as milk consumption and, indirectly, 3-h milk production. The MM procedure included an administration of 10 IU of oxytocin (i.v.), followed by evacuation of the udder with a machine using commercially available sheep milking equipment, and the milk was discarded. Lambs were withheld from suckling the ewes for a 3-h period, followed by a repetition of the oxytocin and machine milking procedures. Milk from the second milking was weighed. Milk production estimates determined using the WSW and MM techniques were similar (P = .42). Average 3-h milk production was 340 and 351 g for WSW and MM, respectively. Machine milking provides a reliable tool in evaluating the milk-producing ability of ewes that are rearing single or twin lambs.
Genetic diversity within and between breeds (and lines) of pigs was investigated. The sample comprised 68 European domestic breeds (and lines), including 29 local breeds, 18 varieties of major international breeds, namely Duroc, Hampshire, Landrace, Large White and Pie´train, and 21 commercial lines either purebred or synthetic, to which the Chinese Meishan and a sample of European wild pig were added. On average 46 animals per breed were sampled (range 12-68). The genetic markers were microsatellites (50 loci) and AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism, 148 loci). The analysis of diversity showed that the local breeds accounted for 56% of the total European between-breed microsatellite diversity, and slightly less for AFLP, followed by commercial lines and international breeds. Conversely, the group of international breeds contributed most to within-breed diversity, followed by commercial lines and local breeds. Individual breed contributions to the overall European between-and within-breed diversity were estimated. The range in between-breed diversity contributions among the 68 breeds was 0.04-3.94% for microsatellites and 0.24-2.94% for AFLP. The within-breed diversity contributions varied very little for both types of markers, but microsatellite contributions were negatively correlated with the between-breed contributions, so care is needed in balancing the two types of contribution when making conservation decisions. By taking into account the risks of extinction of the 29 local breeds, a cryopreservation potential (priority) was estimated for each of them.
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