Insecticide resistance is frequently associated with fitness disadvantages in the absence of insecticides. However, intense past selection with insecticides may allow the evolution of fitness modifier alleles that mitigate the cost of insecticide resistance and their consequent fitness disadvantages. Populations of Sitophilus zeamais with different levels of susceptibility to insecticides show differences in the accumulation and mobilization of energy reserves. These differences may allow S. zeamais to better withstand toxic compounds without reducing the beetles' reproductive fitness. Enzymatic assays with carbohydrate- and lipid-metabolizing enzymes were, therefore, carried out to test this hypothesis. Activity levels of trehalase, glycogen phosphorylase, lipase, glycosidase and amylase were determined in two insecticide-resistant populations showing (resistant cost) or not showing (resistant no-cost) associated fitness cost, and in an insecticide-susceptible population. Respirometry bioassays were also carried out with these weevil populations. The resistant no-cost population showed significantly higher body mass and respiration rate than the other two populations, which were similar. No significant differences in glycogen phosphorylase and glycosidase were observed among the populations. Among the enzymes studied, trehalase and lipase showed higher activity in the resistant cost population. The results obtained in the assays with amylase also indicate significant differences in activity among the populations, but with higher activity in the resistant no-cost population. The inverse activity trends of lipases and amylases in both resistant populations, one showing fitness disadvantage without insecticide exposure and the other not showing it, may underlay the mitigation of insecticide resistance physiological costs observed in the resistant no-cost population. The higher amylase activity observed in the resistant no-cost population may favor energy storage, preventing potential trade-offs between insecticide resistance mechanisms and basic physiological processes in this population, unlike what seems to take place in the resistant cost population.

The maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais, is the most important pest affecting stored grain in Brazil and its control relies heavily on the use of insecticides. The intensive use of compounds such as the pyrethroids has led to the emergence of resistance, and previous studies have suggested that resistance to both pyrethroids and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) may result from reduced sensitivity of the insecticide target, the voltage-gated sodium channel. To identify the molecular mechanisms underlying pyrethroid resistance in S. zeamais, the domain II region of the voltage-gated sodium channel (para-orthologue) gene was amplified by PCR and sequenced from susceptible and resistant laboratory S. zeamais strains that were selected with a discriminating dose of DDT. A single point mutation, T929I, was found in the para gene of the resistant S. zeamais populations and its presence in individual weevils was strongly associated with survival after DDT exposure. This is the first identification of a target-site resistance mutation in S. zeamais and unusually it is a super-kdr type mutation occurring in the absence of the more common kdr (L1014F) substitution. A high-throughput assay based on TaqMan single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping was developed for sensitive detection of the mutation and used to screen field-collected strains of S. zeamais. This showed that the mutation is present at low frequency in field populations and is a useful tool for informing control strategies.

RESUMO -Nos últimos anos tem sido grande o interesse pela irrigação de pastagens e pelos temas engenharia, custo de equipamento, custo de manutenção de energia elétrica, demanda de água e de energia elétrica, manejo da irrigação e fertirrigação. Tal interesse tem aumentado a demanda por informações e recomendações práticas que ajudem a esclarecer os aspectos importantes como a escolha do sistema de irrigação, a evapotranspiração potencial (ETo), o coeficiente da cultura (Kc); a evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc), o turno de rega (TR), a escolha de aspersores, a vazão (m 3 /h.ha), a potência (cv/ha) e os parâmetros referentes à estimativa de lâmina de irrigação tais como: capacidade de campo (Cc), ponto de murcha permanente (Pm), densidade do solo (Ds), profundidade efetiva do sistema radicular (Z), fator de disponibilidade de água do solo (f) e eficiência de aplicação (Ea). Neste contexto o presente trabalho reúne informações fundamentais para implantação e condução segura de irrigação de pastagem. As informações disponibilizadas são frutos de parcerias entre várias instituições (Universidade Federal de Viçosa -UFV, Universidade Federal de Tocantins -UFT, Universidade Vale do Rio Doce -UNIVALE e Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Gado de Leite -EMBRAPA), tanto em trabalhos de pesquisa e extensão, como também experiência de campo da equipe. Os objetivos desta publicação são: difundir novos conhecimentos científicos, com experiência de campo, em irrigação de pastagem e enfocar, de maneira prática e sucinta, como, quanto e quando se deve e quanto custa fertirrigar pastagens, estimulando novas observações, facilitando, assim, as decisões com um todo, potencializando a rentabilidade da pecuária de leite e de corte.Palavras-chave: aspersão, coeficiente da cultura, evapotranspiração, fertirrigação, lâmina de irrigação, sistema radicular Pasture irrigation: present and recommendations for use and managementABSTRACT -In the last years has been a great interest in the irrigation of pastures and the engineering issues, cost of equipment, cost of maintenance of electricity, demand for water and electricity, management irrigation and fertigation. This interest has increased the demand for information and practical advice to help clarify the important aspects as the choice of irrigation system, the potential evapotranspiration (ETo), the culture of coefficient (Kc), the evapotranspiration of the crop (ECc), the shift of water (SW), the selection of sprinklers, the flow (m3/h.ha), power (hp / ha) and the parameters for estimation of irrigation such as: field capacity (Fc), permanent wilting point (Pwp), bulk density (Bd), effective depth of the root system (Z) availability of soil water factor (f) and efficiency of application (EA). In this context the present work presents key information for deployment and conduct of safe irrigation of pasture togrther. The information available are fruit of partnerships between various institutions (Universidade Federal de Viçosa -UFV, Universidade Federal de Tocantins -UFT, University Vale do ...

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