Solvents define pivotal properties for chemical processing and chemical reactions, and can be as much game-changing as catalysts are. A solvent can be the key to a good chemical process,...

Critical minerals are those containing elements, typically metals, and element allotropes such as graphite, which have an irreplaceable role in the ongoing revolution in technology and manufacturing needed to progress...

Scientists from around the world are studying the effects of microgravity and cosmic radiation via the “off-Earth” International Space Station (ISS) laboratory platform. The ISS has helped scientists make discoveries that go beyond the basic understanding of Earth. Over 300 medical experiments have been performed to date, with the goal of extending the knowledge gained for the benefit of humanity. This paper gives an overview of these numerous space medical findings, critically identifies challenges and gaps, and puts the achievements into perspective toward long-term space traveling and also adding benefits to our home planet. The medical contents are trifold structured, starting with the well-being of space travelers (astronaut health studies), followed by medical formulation research under space conditions, and then concluding with a blueprint for space pharmaceutical manufacturing. The review covers essential elements of our Earth-based pharmaceutical research such as drug discovery, drug and formulation stability, drug–organ interaction, drug disintegration/​bioavailability/​pharmacokinetics, pathogen virulence, genome mutation, and body’s resistance. The information compiles clinical, medicinal, biological, and chemical research as well as fundamentals and practical applications.

Quantum dots (QDs) were suggested a decade ago as a means of spectral decoy to divert rocket attacks from flying objects such as satellites but never found industrial applications yet....

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