Renewable energy technologies are developing day by day. One of the novel renewable energy technologies is microbial fuel cells (MFC). MFCs are eco-friendly as it uses electroactive bacteria (exoelectrogens) to generate electricity by using organic and inorganic waste from the wastewater. Electricity generation and wastewater treatment are its primary applications. The construction of MFC consists of the electrodes which may be modified by using nanoparticles (gold and iron oxide) or pre-treatment methods (sonication and autoclave sterilization). This technology is further studied for the detection and reduction of toxic heavy metals in wastewater. The MFCs are also modified into microbial electrolysis cells to make biofuel such as hydrogen. The present review is based on the applications of the MFC, key challenges, and modification strategies.
Older adults often suffer from shoulder pain. Rotator cuff problems are typically responsible for shoulder pain. The majority of rotator cuff disorders can be treated conservatively. Shoulder issues are rather common. More than 30% of people have shoulder pain at some time in their lives. Shoulder discomfort is one of the most frequent musculoskeletal problems in people over the age of 65. The rotator cuffs are four muscles that connect the top arm bone (humerus) to the upper shoulder blade (scapula). If the rotator cuff is injured, every motion on the affected shoulder, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and internal and external rotation, may be difficult. Having a rotator cuff tear restricts movement of the shoulder, which makes it difficult for the patient to do everyday tasks such as getting dressed or washing their hair. They may also find it difficult to remove something from their back pockets. patient was completely immobile when injured. Treatment was provided for up to three months, and almost 30 rehabilitation sessions were conducted during this time. In each rehabilitation session, patients were treated with electrotherapeutic modalities, dry cupping, and manual therapy exercises. The rehabilitation session lasted up to an hour. After one month of rehabilitation, the shoulder pain was noticeably reduced and nearly gone. Following the treatment, she achieved the most improvement in her functional capacity. For instance, she is now able to put on clothes without any assistance. Now she can comb her hair on her own. It was proven that exercise treatment significantly reduced pain and improved function in individuals with fully ruptured or torn supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons. Keywords: Rotator cuff, full thickness tear, disability, surgery, shoulder pain, physical therapy.
Immunotherapy has substantial attention in oncology due to the success of CTLA-4 and PD-1 inhibitors in the treatment of melanoma, lung cancer, head and neck cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and Hodgkin’s lymphoma. A deeper understanding of interaction of tumor with its environment and the immune system provides best guide for oncology research. Recent studies in oncology have explained how a tumor alters antigen presentation, avoids detection, and activation of the host immune system to live and develop. Understanding the connections between the tumor and the immune system has resulted in several innovative therapy options. The extensive field of gene therapy has provided a number of cutting-edge medicines that are expected to play an important role in lowering cancer-related mortality. This article explains the history, important breakthroughs, and future prospects for three separate gene therapy treatment modalities: immunotherapy, oncolytic virotherapy, and gene transfer. Immunotherapies have completely changed how cancer is treated, especially for individuals whose condition was previously thought to be incurable. Examples include ACT (adoptive cell therapy) and ICB (immune checkpoint blockade). This review article will discuss the relationship between the immune response to cancer and the mechanisms of immunotherapy resistance. It will cover combination drugs authorized by the US Food and Drug Administration and provide a thorough overview of how these drugs are doing clinically right now. Cytokines, vaccines, and other soluble immunoregulatory agents, innate immune modifiers, ACT, virotherapy, and other treatment modalities will all be covered in detail.
The spread of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a worldwide crisis. Emerging evidence reveals the host-viral interactions govern the natural course and treatment response, individualy. For pegylated interferon plus ribavirin treatment, the response is most strongly predicted by the patient's HCV genotype. HCV genotype 1 with subtypes is the most important viral component in determining the success of direct-acting antiviral treatmenst. In addition to baseline viral load and HCV genomic heterogeneity, these two factors are linked with the treatment response. In chronic HCV infection, hosts’ genetic variations in immune responsive genes, have been identified as predictors of spontaneous disease progression and therapeutic outcome. In previous large genome-wide association studies, interferon3 gene polymorphisms have been shown to be linked with spontaneous clearance and treatment responsiveness. An inosine triphosphatase gene polymorphism has been shown to reduce the risk of anaemia and other side effects caused by the antiviral drug ribavirin. Hepatic steatosis and fibrosis are linked to a second genetic mutation in the patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 genes in HCV patients. This study examined the role of viral and host genetics in the natural history and treatment outcomes of HCV infection, and it is focused on the known viral and host variables linked with patient outcomes in HCV infection. This will result in fresh concepts of individualising, both the preventation to therapeutics.
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