Lymphatic complications are rare, but well-known phenomena, and have been described by many researchers. However, many diagnoses of lymphatic complications are found confusing due to different definition. A literature search in Pubmed was performed for studies postoperative lympatic complications. These complications divided into two parts: lymphatic leakage and lymphatic stasis. This review is about lymphatic leakage, especially, postoperative lymphatic leakage due to the injury of lymphatic channels in surgical procedures. According to polytrophic consequences, many types of postoperative lymphatic leakage have been presented, including lymph ascites, lymphocele, lymphorrhea, lymphatic fistula, chylous ascites, chylothorax, chyloretroperitoneum and chylorrhea. In this review, we focus on the definition, incidence and treatment about most of these forms of lymphatic complications to depict a comprehensive view of postoperative lymphatic leakage. We hold the idea that the method of treatment should be individual and personal according to manifestation and tolerance of patient. Meanwhile, conservative treatment is suitable and should be considered first.

The objective of this article is to discuss the pathophysiology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and therapy of vulvar leiomyoma. We performed a review of all English-language reports of vulvar leiomyoma published in PubMed from 1978 to 2015 using the following search terms: “vulval leiomyoma,” “vulvar leiomyoma,” “vulval smooth muscle tumor,” and “external genitalia smooth muscle tumor.” Vulvar leiomyomas, which are rare benign monoclonal tumors, most commonly occur in the fourth and fifth decades of life. The genetics of vulvar leiomyoma remain undefined. Three principal histological patterns have been identified: spindled, epithelioid, and myxoid. Imaging tests such as ultrasound, endoscopic ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging are used in diagnosis. Surgical excision is the only curative treatment for vulvar leiomyomas. Establishment of a full differential diagnosis list and correct final diagnosis before surgery are essential for optimal clinical management. Although recurrence of vulvar leiomyoma is extremely rare, long-term follow-up of all cases is advisable.

PurposeEndometrial carcinoma is the most common gynecologic malignancy in both developed and some developing countries. Unlike cervical cancer, for which there is routine screening, only patients symptomatic for endometrial carcinoma typically seek medical help for its diagnosis and treatment. Dilatation and curettage (D&C) has been the standard procedure for evaluating suspicious endometrial lesions. The discomfort and injury caused by the D&C procedure, however, restrict its use as a screening method for early diagnosis of endometrial lesions. High-risk endometrial cancer patients would benefit from an effective and low-cost screening test. In recent years, several endometrial devices have been developed and proposed as screening tools.MethodsWe have reviewed and evaluated the literature relating to the endometrial sampling devices in clinical use or clinical trials, with the goal of comparing devices and identifying the most appropriate ones for screening for endometrial lesions. Eligible literature was identified from systematic PubMed searches, and the relevant data were extracted. Comments, letters, unpublished data, conference proceedings, and case reports were excluded from our search. Seventy-four articles on endometrial sampling devices were obtained for this review.ResultsThe main screening devices for endometrial carcinoma are aspiration devices (such as the Vabra aspirator), Pipelle, Tao Brush, and SAP-1 device. Among these devices, the Tao Brush is the most promising endometrial sampler for screening for endometrial lesions. However, its sampling insufficiency, cost, and unsuccessful insertion rate (20 % in nulliparous and 8 % in parous women) are problematic.ConclusionsA more accurate and low-cost endometrial sampler, with improved specimen sufficiency and higher sensitivity for endometrial lesions, needs tobe developed and clinically verified.

Recently, the research on early detection of precancerous change and endometrial carcinoma has been focusing on minimally invasive procedures for screening. On this basis, we aim to verify the feasibility of endometrial samplers for screening endometrial cancer using Li Brush. We recruited patients undergoing hysterectomy for different diseases from the Inpatient Department of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Before surgery, endometrial cells were collected by Li Brush. The cytopathologic diagnosis from Li Brush and the histopathologic diagnosis from hysterectomy in the same patient were compared to calculate sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), false-negative rate (FNR), false-positive rate (FPR), positive predictive value (PV+) %, and negative predictive value (PV-). The research enrolled 293 women into this self-controlled trial. According to the hypothesis test of paired four lattices, we obtained the following indicators: Se 92.73, Sp 98.15, FNR 7.27, FPR 1.85, PV+92.73, and PV−98.15%. The endometrial sampler Li Brush is an efficacious instrument for screening endometrial cancer.

Objectives: To determine the outcome and complications of endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy without stenting at Ziauddin University Hospital, Keamari, Karachi, Pakistan. Methodology:Fifty Patients who underwent endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy from August 2011 to July 2012 at Department of Ophthalmology, Ziauddin University Hospital, Keamari, Karachi were included.Data regarding the Outcomes and complications were collected and analyzed. Results:Among the 50 patients there were 38%(n=19) males and 62%(n=31) females.Their age ranged from 15 to 60 years, mean age was 43.54 ± 9.36 years. Majority of patients were in the age ranging from 31 to 50 years. The success rate after 6 months of surgery was 92% without any significant complications. Conclusion:Endoscopicdacryocystorhinostomy without stent is minimally invasive technique with less complications and good success state. In addition it gives no facial scar.