The authors introduce the synthetic process and the evaluation results for surfactant/polymer inorganic nanocomposite specially designed for the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) process in the high temperature and high brine-hardness offshore reservoirs. The SiO 2 nanoparticles (NPs) were introduced to the polymer matrix through the core-shell encapsulation-polymerization. New core-shell NPs were blended with surfactants in different ratios. The monodisperse particles, with the size of 50nm to 100nm identified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), were investigated on their properties and morphology by IR spectroscopy, and thermal degradation (TGA). The blends of NPs and surfactants in brine were aged in one month in Dragon Southeast reservoir conditions to evaluate on the capacity as EOR agent. The results show that the nanocomposites produced IFT reduction and viscosity enhancement at critical concentration, high thermostability and salt-tolerance. These improved properties of core/shell NPs were suitable for producing high sweep volume and increasing crude oil displacement efficiency. The core flooding experiment was performed at 92 o C on the fractured-granite core model and brine blend of 800 ppm of surfactants and 200 ppm of core-shell NPs was injected in 0.25 PV. After water flooding, the oil saturation was reduced into 30% and by the core-shell NPs injection, the oil was displaced in 6.2% additionally. The obtained results shown the capacity of using the core-shell NPs as a really good EOR agent for HTHP offshore reservoirs.
Cutting regime parameters play an important role in determining the efficiency of the grinding process and the quality of the ground parts. In this study, the influences of the cutting parameters, including the cutting depth (ae), the feed rate (Fe) and the wheel speed (RPM) on the grinding time when grinding tablet shape punches by a cubic boron nitride (CBN) wheel on a CNC (Computerized Numerical Control) milling machine are investigated. The Taguchi technique based on orthogonal array and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was then applied to design the number of experiments and evaluate the influence of cutting depth, feed rate and wheel speed on the grinding time. The results show that among the three cutting parameters, the most influential parameter on the grinding time is the cutting depth. The second influential parameter on the grinding time is the feed rate. The least influential parameter on grinding time is the wheel speed. In addition, the optimal condition of cutting parameters obtained for grinding tablet shape punches by cubic boron nitride wheels on a CNC milling machine are a cutting depth of 0.03 mm, wheel speed of 5000 rpm and feed rate of 3500 mm/min. This optimum cutting parameters ensure the least grinding time.
Based on a cost analysis, a method of identifying and predicting optimum replaced grinding wheel diameter (De.op) in a surface grinding operation for 9CrSi steel material was developed in this study. The De.op value was determined by minimizing the cost function. An experimental design was set up, and a computational program was developed to perform the experiment in order to calculate the De.op value. Furthermore, the impact of the grinding process parameters such as the initial grinding wheel diameter, the grinding wheel width, the total dressing depth, the Rockwell hardness of the workpiece, the radial grinding wheel wear per dress, and the wheel life on the De.op value were investigated. Moreover, the impacts of the cost components such as the machine tool hourly rate and the grinding wheel cost on the De.op value were given. Based on that, a mathematical model was proposed to determine the De.op value. The predicted De.op value was also verified by an experiment. The obtained result shows that the difference between the experimental De.op value and the predicted De.op value is within 1.7%, indicating that the mathematical model proposed in the study is reliable.
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