Acanthopanax trifoliatus (L.) Merr. (A. trifoliatus) belongs to the family Araliaceae, which is called "Le Cai", and is an indigenous plant to Guangdong Province that has been prevalently planted for years. A. trifoliatus is used in folk medicine and has ginseng-like activity. Kaurenoic acid ((−)-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid, KA) is a kaurane-type diterpenoid that is regarded as a major compound in A. trifoliatus. early studies have reported the determination of KA by HPLC capillary electrophoresis. However, KA could not be completely separated from other components in the plant extract by HpLc because of their similar molecular structures and physical and chemical properties. UHpLc-MS/MS could be a useful tool to identify and quantify KA. In the present work, a UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for determining KA in A. trifoliatus was developed and validated. KA was extracted from lyophilized A. trifoliatus leaves by ultrasound-assisted extraction and further purified by solid phase extraction (SPE). KA was quantified and separated on an Accucore c 18 Lc column. Mass spectrometry with multi-reaction monitoring (MRM) and quantitative fragment ion/product ion (m/z: 301.3/301.3) in ESI negative mode was used for quantification. The intra-assay and inter-assay relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) were 2.8% and 3.2%, respectively. The inter-person R.S.D. on the same day was 3.6%. The inter-instrument R.S.D. with the same model on the same day was 2.9%. The recoveries evaluated upon spiking three different concentrations of KA were above 97%. A minor matrix effect of 94% was observed. This method has been applied successfully for the determination of KA in A. trifoliatus leaves. Acanthopanax is a plant genus that embraces 18 plant species that are mainly distributed in Asia and the far-eastern region of Russia 1,2. One of the Acanthopanax species is A. trifoliatus, which is called "Le Cai" in Chinese, and is an indigenous plant in Enping, Guangdong Province that has been prevalently planted for years. The planting area has reached 420 hectares, and the total value is worth approximately 120 million. A. trifoliatus, with ginseng-like activity, has been used in folk medicine in southern China since old time to treat sinew, bone pains, rheumatism, bruises, neuralgia, impotence, gout, hepatitis and diabetes 3-5. In Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam, A. trifoliatus has been used to treat nervous affections and improve memory 6,7. It has also been shown to have a good curative effect on the common cold, jaundice, gastric pain, diarrhea and ulcers 8. A decoction of leaves, young shoots or the bark of A. trifoliatus has been used to treat tuberculosis and lung hemorrhages 9. Some studies have indicated that extracts of A. trifoliatus possess several beneficial biological effects, including anti-inflammatory, immunostimulatory, and antioxidant properties, protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitory activity and cytotoxic activities towards some types of cancer cells 10-12 .
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infections are prevalent illnesses that can cause mucocutaneous ulcerative disease, keratitis, and genital herpes. In patients with compromised immune systems, the infection can lead to serious problems, such as encephalitis. Additionally, neonatal infections can cause brain problems and even death. Current first-line antiviral drugs are nucleoside analog inhibitors that target viral polymerase, and resistant strains have emerged. As a result, new drugs with distinct action modes are needed. Recent research indicates that cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are prospective antiviral targets. Thus, CDK inhibitors may be effective antiviral agents against HSV-1 infection. In this study, we examined a panel of CDK inhibitors that target CDKs in the present study. BMS-265246 (BMS), a CDK 1/2 inhibitor, was found to effectively limit HSV-1 multiplication in Vero, HepG2, and Hela cells. A mechanism of action study suggested that BMS inhibits the early stages of viral replication when added early in the viral infection. The suppression of multiple steps in viral replication by BMS was revealed when HSV-1 infected cells were treated at different time periods in the viral life cycle. Our results suggest that BMS is a potent anti-HSV-1 agent and unique in that it may interfere with multiple steps in HSV-1 replication.
Three different feed emulsions of different particle sizes were mixed with a modified starch and maltodextrin and spray dried to make a large (LP), small (SP), and nano-size encapsulated powder (NP), respectively. Emulsion size, oil content, loading capacity (LC), encapsulation efficiency (EE), water content, aw, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), glass transition temperature (Tg), as well as d-limonene release characteristic and limonene oxide formation rate during 37 °C and various aw storage were determined. With the increase of the feed emulsion size, the reconstituted emulsion size of the LP tended to increase and change to a bimodal distribution. The surface oil content increased with the increasing size of the reconstituted emulsion, and the opposite was true for EE. The smaller the reconstituted emulsion size, the higher Tg during a low aw condition. The Tg of the LP, SP and NP were 62, 88, and 100 °C, respectively, and NP > SP > LP. The release and the oxidative rate of d-limonene was the lowest for the NP and then increased for the SP and LP. The release and oxidative rates increased with the elevation of aw and peaked at 0.33. The powder surface morphological structure was intact, the spray-dried powder was more stable, and microstructure changed from a glass state to a rubbery state during storage.
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