Understanding multiphase flow in porous media, especially how velocity is distributed at the pore-scale, has been the aim of several studies. However, these studies address the recirculation behavior inside the trapped phase experimentally without any comprehensive numerical study of the impact of different governing mechanisms related to the fluid configurations and properties, including drag force and capillary number analysis at low capillary number regime. In this study, we analyzed the recirculation phenomenon inside the trapped phase for various displacement mechanisms, fluid configurations, and dynamic properties. To simulate the porescale displacement at low capillary number, we used a filtered surface-force formulation of volume of fluid method, which was implemented in a separately available solver for OpenFoam Nomenclature Subscripts List of symbols Average ave Bond number (-) Bo Boundary b Capillary number (-) Ca Capillary term c Drag force per unit of depth (N/m) D Dynamic d Force vector (N) f Filter filt Gravity vector (m/s 2) g Invading i Interface curvature (1/m) k Injection inj Characteristic length (m) L Interface I Length (m) l Magnitude mag Viscosity ratio (-) M Non-wetting phase nw Unit normal (-) n Smooth s Pressure (Pa) P Sharp shp Time (s) t Sharp Surface Force SSF Velocity (m/s) U Trapping phase t Cartesian coordinate system (m) x, y Wetting phase w Coordinate plane x, y Coefficients and constants Greek symbols Capillary force filter Volume fraction of fluids (-) Sharp VOF's color function ℎ Dirac delta function (-) FSF time step constant Viscosity (Pa. s) Density (kg/m 3) Surface tension (N/m)
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