Polylactic acid (PLA) and montmorillonite (CB) as filler were studied as coatings for cellulose based packages. Amorphous (AM) and semi crystalline (SC) PLA were used at different concentrations according to a 2 × 6 × 3 full factorial experimental design. CB loading was three concentrations and coating was performed by casting. Contact angle (CA), water vapor (WVP) and grease permeabilities were measured for each resultant package and were compared to commercial materials (Glassine Paper, Grease Proof Papers 1 and 2 produced commercially). Significant differences were found and the main factors were the type and concentration of PLA. The best values were: for grease penetration, +1800 s; WVP from 161.36 to 237.8 g·µm·kPa and CA from 69° to 73° for PLA-AM 0.5% and CB variable. These parameters are comparable to commercial packages used in the food industry. DSC revealed three different thermal events for PLA-SC and just T g for PLA-AM. Crystallinity was also verified, obtaining a ΔH crys of 3.7 J·g
Chloroplast is responsible for the major metabolic process photosynthesis. These organelles have their own genome and in the last three decades, the chloroplast genome has been broadly studied and manipulated through genetic engineering tools. The transfer of genes into chloroplast provides advantage over the insertion of transgene into nuclear genome, including overexpression of foreign protein, no positional effects, absence of epigenetic effects and uniparental inheritance of the transgenes, the ability to express multiple transgenes in operons and the possibility of eliminate the marker gene after the transformation and integration of the foreign gene. Now more than 100 transgenes have been reported stably integrated into the chloroplast genome including genes encoding enzymes with industrial value, biomaterials, biopharmaceuticals, vaccines and genes with agronomic trails. The chloroplast genetic tools have been implemented in several important crops. So, the chloroplast engineering technology has been positioned as the most important for the production of proteins and metabolites with biotechnological applications.
Chloroplast engineering has matured considerably in recent years. It is emerging as a promising tool to address the challenges related to food security, drug production, and sustainable energy posed by an ever-growing world population. Chloroplasts have proven their potential by efficiently expressing transgenes, encapsulating recombinant proteins, and protecting them from cellular machinery, making it possible to obtain highly functional proteins. This quality has also been exploited by interfering RNA technology. In addition to the practical attributes offered by chloroplast transformation, such as the elimination of position effects, polycistronic expression, and massive protein production, the technique represents an advance in biosafety terms; however, even if its great biotechnological potential, crops that have efficiently transformed are still a proof of concept. Despite efforts, other essential crops have remained recalcitrant to chloroplast transformation, which has limited their expansion. In this chapter, we address the most recent advances in this area and the challenges that must be solved to extend the transformation to other crops and become the de facto tool in plant biotechnology.
En el año de 2019 en la provincia de Wuhan, China, se reportó un brote de neumonías atípicas, con síntomas similares a los del Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Severo (SARS), brote reportado en el 2003, y al Síndrome Respiratorio del Oriente Medio (MERS), brote reportado en 2012 en Arabia Saudita. Esta enfermedad emergente fue causada por el nuevo coronavirus “Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Severo Coronavirus 2” (SARS-CoV-2) o también denominada COVID-19 del inglés Coronavirus desease 2019, caracterizado por presentar severos problemas respiratorios y diversas manifestaciones extrapulmonares. Al momento se ha reportado una elevada tasa de mortalidad en individuos del sexo masculino, en adultos mayores de 60 años, y en personas con comorbilidades como diabetes obesidad, hipertensión y problemas cardiacos. La diabetes es una enfermedad caracterizada por resistencia a insulina, pérdida de función de células β en el páncreas, y desbalance del sistema inmune por el estado de inflamación crónica. En pacientes graves con COVID-19, se ha observado una secreción alterada de citocinas pro inflamatorias, si esto ocurre en un paciente diabético, que ya tiene un estado inflamatorio per se, se induce inflamación exacerbada y una falla multiorgánica que puede desencadenar en la muerte de los pacientes. Diversos autores señalan como hipótesis que la hiperglicemia favorece la replicación viral, por lo que en un paciente “diabético con infección COVID-19”, es primordial mantener un control glicémico adecuado. Los tratamientos para COVID-19 se han enfocado en disminuir los síntomas, el uso de antivirales, antiinflamatorios, anticuerpos monoclonales y plasma convaleciente COVID-19 ha mostrado resultados variables. Para el control de esta infección viral es necesaria una vacuna, al momento existen más de 150 candidatos, con una eficiencia que va del rango de 70 al 95%, pero aún falta determinar la inmunidad a largo plazo en las personas vacunadas. Esta revisión aborda las características de la infección por SARS-CoV2 y la respuesta inmunitaria en pacientes diabéticos frente a COVID-19.
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