As men age, their prostates can enlarge, causing urinary difficulty. Surgery to correct this [transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)] is a skilled and time-consuming operation requiring many repetitive motions of a cutter. A robot has been developed to perform these motions, relieving the surgeon of much of the burden of surgery. This robot has been tried both in the laboratory and later on human subjects and has proved itself capable of performing prostate resection. The Probot system consists of on-line imaging and three-dimensional prostate model construction, an appropriate surgeon-computer interface, a counterbalanced mounting frame and a computer controlled robot.

This study confirms that to estimate accurately the volume of the prostate using the prolate ellipsoid formula, the current methodology needs to be changed. The largest anteroposterior and transverse diameters may need to be measured in different transverse scan slices and the largest craniocaudal diameter in a sagittal scan away from the midline. If volume estimation is to be repeated then step planimetry is reliable and TRUS using the prolate ellipsoid formula is not.

Pure extrinsic compression of the transverse-sigmoid junction and female gender were strongly associated with hemodynamic failure. Eight patients with hemodynamic failure who were restented had successful control of papilledema, including 4/4 who had extended stenting into the SSS.

PLE sclerotherapy under fluoroscopic guidance is safe and effective for the treatment of orbital venous malformations and can be used as one of the treatment alternatives.