A facile regioselective
switch for nickel-catalyzed hydroarylation
of vinylarenes with benzothiazoles has been developed, which relies
on the simple structural variation of novel Ni(II) complexes of the
type Ni(NHC)[P(OR)3]Br2. Using magnesium turnings
as the reductant, Ni(IMes)[P(OEt)3]Br2 afforded
branched products, while Ni(IPr*OMe)[P(OEt)3]Br2 created steric demand to afford linear products.
This work also provides a rare example of the rational design of heteroleptic
Ni(II) complexes that display the required air stability, reactivity,
and regioselectivity via synergism between NHC and phosphite ligands.
In this Letter, we propose an information encryption technique based on the theory of phase-space optics. We show that encoding the plaintext in phase space provides a higher level of security: first, the key-space is significantly enlarged. Second, it is immune to various known-plaintext (cyphertext) attacks to which the double-random phase encryption (DRPE) is vulnerable. Third, the bilinearity of phase-space distributions offers additional security. Theoretical analysis and numerical calculation results show that the proposed technique has significantly different responses to errors added to the cypheretext and the two phase keys in comparison to the classical DRPE.
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