C hina has been a significant source of turquoise for decades. One area of Zhushan County in Hubei Province has produced some attractive material (e.g., figure 1), but it has been overshadowed by more productive turquoise deposits in nearby Yun County (Tu, 2000). Chinese turquoise is also known from the city of Ma'anshan in Anhui Province, Baihe County in Shaanxi Province, and the Xichuan area of Henan Province.The turquoise from Yun County is regarded as superior in quality (Ma, 1989;Qi et al., 1998; Tu, 2000). The output from Yun County between 1954 and 1999 totaled more than 800 tonnes, according to data provided by local officials, but its resources are depleting. The deposits in Zhushan County (figure 2) were found in the late 1980s, yet much is still unknown about their distribution and complex geologic formation. While the material from Zhushan County is often of high quality, with a dense texture and an attractive uniform coloration, mining activity has only recently begun.

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mber is an organic gem, formed tens of millions of years ago when sap from ancient trees hardened and fossilized. Scientists, gemologists, and collectors treasure amber that contains suspended insects or assorted plant fragments, creating a fascinating time capsule (Ross, 2010). Amber has become increasingly popular in the jewelry trade. It is usually translucent to opaque, and its opacity is caused by the reflection and scattering of incident light by an abundance of internal tiny bubbles. "Beeswax," a term commonly used in the Chinese gem trade, refers to amber that is semi-translucent to opaque with greasy luster. Beeswax accounts for about 60% of natural amber production globally. Due to the saying "Millennium amber, million years beeswax" in the Chinese gem market, many Chinese consumers mistakenly believe that beeswax takes much longer to form than amber. This misimpression has driven demand for beeswax and significantly raised its price. Among beeswax, the "chicken-fat" yellow variety is highly desired in China for its vivid color, but limited in global production. It is worth noting that in the international rough amber trade, transparent and opaque materials are usually mixed together for sale, just as they are mixed together in nature. There is usually a layer of weathered skin on the surface of both transparent and opaque rough amber, making it impossible to choose them individually by hand under normal lighting. There is no price difference between the two. Quality is judged according to weight, size, shape, and impurities. Due to the popularity of beeswax in the Chinese market, however, amber processing enterprises have preferred to purchase and store rough beeswax materials, artificially driving up the price of the rough material. Numerous researchers (e.g.,

For vertical deviations <30Δ, the standard Knapp procedure can be chosen. For deviations greater than 30Δ-40Δ, the Foster procedure should be chosen. Because of our early interference, the inferior rectus (IR) muscle did not show mechanical restriction. Monocular elevation deficiency (MED) should be diagnosed early so that complications will be reduced and the procedure will be easier for the surgeon.

The one-dimensional helical chain-like coordination polymer [Co(bpdc)(H 2 O) 3 ]·H 2 O (1) has been synthesized by hydrothermal reaction of pdon with Co(NO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O and Na 2 B 4 O 7 (bpdc = 2,2 -bipyridyl-3,3 -dicarboxylate, pdon = 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione). 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2 1 /n with the cell parameters: a = 9.987(1), b = 9.238(1), c = 16.080(2)Å, β = 97.471(1) • , V = 1471.0(3)Å 3 , Z = 4. The bpdc ligand has resulted from an in situ carbon-carbon bond cleavage in the pdon ligand. The Co(II) atom is surrounded by two nitrogen atoms of the bpdc pyridyl groups and four O atoms, of which three belong to coordinated water molecules and one to a bpdc carboxylate group. The six-coordinated Co(II) atom adopts a distorted octahedral geometry. Compound 1 displays antiferromagnetic interactions. Above 30 K, χ m −1 obeys the CurieWeiss law with C = 3.12 cm 3 K mol −1 and Θ = −10.6 K.

The Xuebaoding deposit, which is located 14.5 km northwest of Huya Town, Pingwu County, Mianyang City, Sichuan Province, China, produces a kind of yellow-orange-hued scheelite with ideal crystal shapes, large-grain crystals, and high market value which is favored by gem and mineral crystal collectors. In this article, five Xuebaoding scheelite samples are used as research objects. The infrared absorption in the fingerprint region (2000 to 400 cm−1) of scheelite is at 440 cm−1 and 800 to 900 cm−1, which shows the out-of-plane bending vibration and asymmetric stretching vibration attributed to the [WO4]2− tetrahedral group, respectively. The Raman shift at 911 cm−1 is assigned to the ν1 symmetric stretching vibration of [WO4]2−; the Raman spectra scattering peak at 797 cm−1 belongs to the ν3 asymmetric stretching vibration of [WO4]2−; the Raman shift at 332 cm−1 and the low-intensity Raman scattering peak near 400 cm−1 belong to the ν2 out-of-plane bending vibration of [WO4]2−. Furthermore, the low-intensity Raman shift around 211 cm−1 is caused by the transitional mode of (Ca–O). The UV-Vis-NIR absorption is attributed to the existence of “didymium”, a mixture of the rare earth elements Pr and Nd, and the absorption at 584 and 803 nm is assigned to Nd, which may be related to origin of the color of scheelite. The 3D fluorescence spectra show that the colorless and colored scheelite samples produce the same number of main fluorescence peaks with similar positions. Those 3D fluorescence peaks are located near λex235 nm/λem455 nm, λex250 nm/λem490 nm, and λex265 nm/λem523 nm. In addition to the above-mentioned main fluorescence peaks, the pale-yellow-colored samples also produced fluorescence peaks near λex250 nm/λem425 nm, which may be associated with the rare earth elements in scheelite. Combined with the test results of LA-ICP-MS, the yellow-orange hue of Xuebaoding scheelite is caused by the isomorphic rare earth elements, such as La, Ce, Pr and Nd ions that replace Ca2+.