C hina has been a significant source of turquoise for decades. One area of Zhushan County in Hubei Province has produced some attractive material (e.g., figure 1), but it has been overshadowed by more productive turquoise deposits in nearby Yun County (Tu, 2000). Chinese turquoise is also known from the city of Ma'anshan in Anhui Province, Baihe County in Shaanxi Province, and the Xichuan area of Henan Province.The turquoise from Yun County is regarded as superior in quality (Ma, 1989;Qi et al., 1998; Tu, 2000). The output from Yun County between 1954 and 1999 totaled more than 800 tonnes, according to data provided by local officials, but its resources are depleting. The deposits in Zhushan County (figure 2) were found in the late 1980s, yet much is still unknown about their distribution and complex geologic formation. While the material from Zhushan County is often of high quality, with a dense texture and an attractive uniform coloration, mining activity has only recently begun.

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mber is an organic gem, formed tens of millions of years ago when sap from ancient trees hardened and fossilized. Scientists, gemologists, and collectors treasure amber that contains suspended insects or assorted plant fragments, creating a fascinating time capsule (Ross, 2010). Amber has become increasingly popular in the jewelry trade. It is usually translucent to opaque, and its opacity is caused by the reflection and scattering of incident light by an abundance of internal tiny bubbles. "Beeswax," a term commonly used in the Chinese gem trade, refers to amber that is semi-translucent to opaque with greasy luster. Beeswax accounts for about 60% of natural amber production globally. Due to the saying "Millennium amber, million years beeswax" in the Chinese gem market, many Chinese consumers mistakenly believe that beeswax takes much longer to form than amber. This misimpression has driven demand for beeswax and significantly raised its price. Among beeswax, the "chicken-fat" yellow variety is highly desired in China for its vivid color, but limited in global production. It is worth noting that in the international rough amber trade, transparent and opaque materials are usually mixed together for sale, just as they are mixed together in nature. There is usually a layer of weathered skin on the surface of both transparent and opaque rough amber, making it impossible to choose them individually by hand under normal lighting. There is no price difference between the two. Quality is judged according to weight, size, shape, and impurities. Due to the popularity of beeswax in the Chinese market, however, amber processing enterprises have preferred to purchase and store rough beeswax materials, artificially driving up the price of the rough material. Numerous researchers (e.g.,

In recent years, emeralds from the Panjshir Valley in Afghanistan have taken a large share of the market, with high-quality emeralds comparable to Colombian emeralds. In order to meet the market demand for tracing the origin of emeralds, 20 emeralds from the region were tested using conventional gemology, laser Raman spectroscopy, Fourier infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared spectroscopy, and laser ablation plasma-mass spectrometry. The results show that the contents of the samples are mainly serrated three-phase inclusions, which are similar to those of Colombian emeralds. There are multiple solid inclusions and two liquids in the serrated voids. The main coloring elements of the sample are chromium and vanadium. The alkali metal content is moderate, among which rubidium (average content: 25.72 ppm) and cesium (average content: 33.15 ppm) content is lower. The near-infrared spectrum reveals that the absorption characteristic was dominated by type I water. A chemical composition analysis indicates that the chemical composition of Panjshir emeralds is similar to that of the emeralds of Davdar Township in China and Coscuez in Colombia, but they could be distinguished by an Na-Sc and Rb-Ga diagram.

For vertical deviations <30Δ, the standard Knapp procedure can be chosen. For deviations greater than 30Δ-40Δ, the Foster procedure should be chosen. Because of our early interference, the inferior rectus (IR) muscle did not show mechanical restriction. Monocular elevation deficiency (MED) should be diagnosed early so that complications will be reduced and the procedure will be easier for the surgeon.

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