Laser skin resurfacing can be used to treat facial rhytides and acne scars in skin phototypes III and IV. When proper pre- and postoperative management is implemented, the risk of dyspigmentation can be reduced.
To
design optimal thermochemical processes for the conversion of biomass
into chemicals, fuels, and electrical power, an understanding of the
mechanisms for the secondary vapor-phase cracking of tar compounds
is crucial. Despite the many studies examining the homogeneous secondary
cracking of biomass tar existing in the literature, its thermal decomposition
reaction pathways are not completely understood. Much of this lack
of understanding is due to the complex, heterogeneous nature of biomass
tar. A useful approach is to examine the pyrolysis of model-fuel compounds
that are actual components or are representative of compounds found
in biomass tar. In this study, we focus on eugenol, a model-fuel compound
representative of the lignin-derived components found in biomass tar.
We conduct pyrolysis experiments at temperatures of 300–900
°C and one second residence time using a non-isothermal laminar-flow
reactor system. We report the variation in the experimental yield
of light product gases as functions of the reactor temperature. We
examine a reaction pathway for the unimolecular decomposition of eugenol
with consideration of the experimental product distributions and analogous
reactions based on established decomposition mechanisms of similar
compounds. We examine the detailed energetics of the unimolecular
decomposition route using computational chemistry calculations at
the B3LYP/6-311G+(d,p) level of theory. The results presented in this
study would be of relevance to the pyrolysis, gasification, and combustion
of biomass.
Ionic liquid-based electrolytes proved to be effective in terms of alleviating the safety problems associated with lithium/sodium ion batteries, especially for large-scale applications, due to their superior thermal stability and nonflammability. The main disadvantage of ionic liquids is their relatively high viscosity. Adding a suitable amount of organic “thinning” solvents could be a potential solution for this problem: while the electrolyte viscosity is greatly reduced, the electrochemical properties and thermal stability remain almost as good as those of pure ionic liquid. In this study, electrolyte mixtures based on 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) (EMI-TFSI) and carbonate solvents (EC-PC) were prepared. The electrochemical compatibility in half-cell configuration with respect to sodium metal anode of various electrode materials, including SnS/C, hard carbon (HC), and Na0.44MnO2, was evaluated. Moreover, the thermal stability, the flammability, and the conduction mechanism of such electrolyte mixtures were also explored and discussed.
This work is to implement a working model of an integrated process for bioethanol in the process simulation based on rigorous model using the Aspen HYSYS simulation software. As a case study, the simulation is applied to design a pilot plant that converts rice straw into ethanol. The model is based on the process for biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass (rice straw) to ethanol, proposed by the pilot plant of producing bio-ethanol with capacity of 152 kg rice straw/batch. The plant for manufacturing bio-ethanol with rice straw as raw materials comprises basically three units: Pretreatment of rice straw by alkaline treatment; Simultaneous saccharification fermentation (SSF) of rice straw to produce bio-ethanol and the unit for separation and purification of bio-ethanol mixture from simultaneous and fermentation unit. Modeling of rice straw feedstock as a solid material in Aspen HYSYS, including the creation of necessary hypothetical components. Investigate and analyze the final ethanol yield of the simulation project in comparison with actual process. The model proposed was for easily evaluate and analyze various factors which affect to the final ethanol yield by changing operating conditions and being possible to find the optimal conditions for different input flow rate and many independent factors. The simulation model obtained in this study can be applied to any SSF processes with different biomass feedstock.
Banana (Musa acuminata) peel is discarded after the fruit processing process. Banana peel biomass can be used as raw material to produce bioethanol. In this research, banana peel was fermented by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Production of bioethanol was determined and the effects of various operation conditions which included different parameters in fermentation process: fermentation time, temperature, medium pH, concentration of yeast, enzyme loading, and shaking period. peel was cut, pretreated with H2SO4 2% and simultaneous hydrolyzed and fermented. Ethanol production was greatest (over 10,5%) when the initial pH of fermentation medium was adjusted to 4.5, 5% yeast supplement (8x107 cfu/ml), 7% cellulase (100 IU, v/v) loading, 24 hours and 37oC incubating,. The results illustrated that the simultaneous accharification and fermentation (SSF) of banana peel with S.cerevisiae has potential for industrial application.
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