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Persulfate activated by carbon catalysts raised tremendous attention as a promising approach for degrading organic contaminants because the nonradical species produced can resist the interference of background substances. However, due to the complex and diverse structures of carbon catalysts, the reported peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation mechanisms are varied. Herein, we used fabricated N-doped carbon nanotubes with a simple one-dimensional structure as a model catalyst to reveal the nature of PMS activation by carbon catalysts. The graphitic-N was identified as the active center to play a dominant role via structure–activity relationship analysis and density functional theory (DFT). Moreover, electron paramagnetic resonance, radical scavenging tests, and in situ Raman spectra demonstrated that the generated common reactive oxygen species did not contribute to carbamazepine (CBZ) degradation, but the electron transfer process directly oxidized the organic. Fortunately, the direct electron transfer pathway could quickly and simultaneously degrade various organics (including CBZ, sulfamethoxazole, bisphenol A, diclofenac, and tetracycline). In addition, the nature of degradation differences of various organics was revealed through the Fukui function calculated by DFT. This work revealed the mechanism of PMS activation by graphitic-N to produce mediated electron transfer pathways and provided an insight into the decomposition difference of various organic contaminants.

The spatial layout of urban villages seriously affects the living environment and integrated development of urban and rural areas. Using digital means to assist in the reconstruction of urban villages is necessary and urgent. This study built an urban renewal framework for intelligent building planning with a proposed multi-party collaborative pattern. First, villagers’ needs, and relevant standards and regulations were merged into planning requirements, which were formulated into planning goals and criteria. With the quantitative goals and criteria, building planning and design algorithms were developed. Furthermore, the method was verified to achieve an intelligent layout of buildings. Finally, under certain conditions, the average difference between the plot ratio calculated by the program and the actual plot ratio was 0.02, and that between the building intensity calculated by the program and the actual building intensity was 0.02. Within 11.43 hectares, 500 buildings were generated with a total floor area of 27.72 hectares, and the average time taken for scheme generation was 10 s. This method can efficiently generate a plan similar to the actual floor area ratio and building density and optimize the problem of insufficient spacing. Moreover, adjusting the parameters can automatically generate a variety of schemes that can support the layout design of rural buildings.

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