In the Bragg-Brentano X-ray powder diffractometer, the sample-tilting X-ray diffraction (STD) technique probes a fixed depth of penetration from the sample surface. In this way, phase analysis can be carried out from the surface layers to the depth probed by the CBD (conventional Bragg-Brentano geometry X-ray diffraction) method. In the present paper, after derivation of the diffracted intensity and the observed crystal-plane azimuthal equations, attention is focused on investigations of the geometrical optics of X-ray surface reflection by comparing the STD and CBD methods. Some examples are given to illustrate the applications of the STD technique for solving phase analyses and related problems.orientations (Cong, 1992). The aim of this work is to study the application to bulk samples, such as lubricants and catalysts, when performed on a conventional B-B diffractometer using the STD method. Equations for intensity and azimuthal angle of the observed reflections are derived. Discussions of X-ray penetration depth and geometrical optics related to the STD and CBD methods are included. Some examples are given to illustrate applications of the STD method.
Basic equationsThe area, A, that is illuminated by the incident X-ray beam in the B-B diffractometer is given by A = Ao/sin ~,
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