Aim: There is an ongoing debate as to what extent antimicrobial resistance (AMR) can be transmitted from dietary to humans via the consumption of food products. We investigated this association between dietary and global spreading carbapenem-resistant gene blaNDM Methods: We did a cross-sectional study to assess the risk factors for carrier of blaNDM in health community. Healthy adults were recruited from the residents attending Community Healthcare Service in Shenzhen City (Guangdong Province, China), through 1February 2018 to 31December 2019, and 718 pre-participants were included in this study. Questionnaire were obtained and the qualitative food frequency questionnaire (Q-FFQ) were used to assess dietary intake. qPCR was applied to confirm the carrier of blaNDM in participants’fecal samples. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of each outcome according to each dietary factor before and after prosperity score matching (PSM). Results: we showed that a high intake of coarse grain (OR 1.003; 95% CI 1.001–1.005, p < 0.01) and root and tuber crops (OR 1.003; 95% CI 1.001–1.004, p < 0.05) were independent risk factor for blaNDM carrier in health communities, suggesting a possible transfer of AMRbetweendietary andhumans. Surprisingly, we also showed an association between a higher intake of poultry as a protective, which may be explained by the beneficial effects on the gut microbiota. Conclusion: Dietary factors such as intake of coarse grain, root and tuber crops and poultry were associated with blaNDM carrier in health communities. The influence of dietary factorson blaNDM carrier in the present study provides insights for the tangible dietary advice with guidelines to the routine of people with the risk of blaNDM carrier. This demonstrates the role of dietary intake in the prevention of blaNDM carrier, since prevention is the best way to control modifiable risk factors. A lower carrier rate of blaNDM is helpful to reduce the possibility of transmission and pathogenicity. Further studies on food, microbiota and antimicrobial resistance are necessary to confirm this possible association and unravel underlying mechanisms.
Background Mobile colistin-resistance gene mcr-1 is prevalent among various bacteria, hosts and countries, especially in the guts of humans and animals. However, the biological basis for mcr-1 colonization and transmission in the intestines is largely unknown. Methods We used mouse models to mimic exposure to mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli (MCRPEC, harboring an IncI2 plasmid positive for mcr-1) in human intestines without and with antibiotic pretreatment, respectively. We used cultivation and qPCR method to determine the presence and quantity of MCRPEC. We also used Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method to locate mcr-1-positive bacteria in situ and confocal laser scanning microscopy method to examine the interaction between MCRPEC and Caco-2 cell in vitro. Finally, we used mouse model to investigate the transmission of MCRPEC among individuals. Results We found two approaches of MCRPEC colonization in the mouse intestines after exposure. In mice with intestinal microbiota homeostasis, MCRPEC was transient in the large intestines, while mcr-1 was detected at lower abundances (10-4–10-5) for at least 21 days as relic DNA or mcr-1-positive uncommon bacteria (MCRPUB). In mice with intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, MCRPEC colonized the intestines directly with a high shedding load (~108 CFU/g feces) and high mcr-1 abundance (~10-2). The transmission model confirmed that both MCRPEC and MCRPUB could cryptically transfer among individuals and persist for long periods. Conclusions These results demonstrate two approaches of MCRPEC colonization and a long persistence of MCRPUB or an antetype in mouse intestines as well as their transmission among mice, which partially explains the widespread prevalence of mcr-1-positive IncI2 plasmid among hosts and its long persistence in the gut even without antibiotic pressure. Contaminated food enables exposure to pathogens that can colonize human intestines; thus, reducing MCRPEC/MCRPUB in livestock and animal-derived food and preventing MCRPEC/MCRPUB transmission in ecosystems under the "One Health" perspective are crucial.
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