A novel Pd-catalyzed para-selective C–H bond difluoromethylation of diverse aromatic carbonyls was developed.

A palladium catalyzed selective C(sp3)–H arylation and acetoxylation of alcohols using a practical bidentate auxiliary were developed.

Increasing evidence suggests that the impaired neuroprotection of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) contributes to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. That has been linked to aberrant subcellular retrograde trafficking as strongly indicated by recent genomic studies on familial Parkinson's diseases. However, whether VMAT2 function is regulated by retrograde trafficking is unknown. By using biochemistry and cell biology approaches, we have shown that VMAT2 was stringently localized to the trans-Golgi network and underwent retrograde trafficking in non-neuronal cells. The transporter also interacted with the key component of retromer, Vps35, biochemically and subcellularly. Using specific siRNA, we further showed that Vps35 depletion altered subcellular localization of VMAT2. Moreover, siRNA-mediated Vps35 knockdown also decreased the stability of VMAT2 as demonstrated by the reduced half-life. Thus, our work suggested that altered vesicular trafficking of VMAT2 may play a vital role in neuroprotection of the transporter as well as in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.

An efficient Pd-catalysed β-C(sp3)–H arylation of diverse native amides with aryl iodides was developed. This protocol overcomes the necessity of Thorpe−Ingold effect and features broad substrate scope and good functional...