With the increasing penetration of distributed generations (DGs) and flexible loads in the distribution network (DN), the existing DN planning methods need an improvement. This paper proposes a two-layer multistage expansion planning method for DN adaptability enhancement, where the optimal construction/upgrade strategy of substations and lines along with the optimal PV configuration strategy are considered. A two-layer adaptive planning model is established and solved by the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA II). The obtained Pareto-optimal front represents a set of optimal planning schemes meeting the demand of DN economy and adaptability, which is of great significance in theory and practice.
Considering the economy, reliability, and output characteristics of multiple power sources (MPS) and energy storage (ES) comprehensively, a multi-source system integrated with offshore wind farms (OWFs) and its construction cost, and operating and maintenance cost model are established. The system is mainly composed of OWFs, thermal power plants, gas turbine power plants, and pumped hydro storage plants. Given the economy of the power system and offshore wind power accommodation, a bi-level optimal capacity configuration and operation scheduling method is proposed for the multi-source system integrated with OWF clusters with the objective function of optimal total cost. Then, a robust bi-level planning method for the multi-source system integrated with OWFs considering the dual uncertainty of load and offshore wind power prediction is proposed, in which the upper and lower models are solved by an improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and CPLEX solver, respectively. Based on the method, the cost-optimal capacity configuration and operation scheduling scheme of an MPS and ES can be obtained. Finally, an OWF group in Shandong Province is taken as an example to check the validity and feasibility of the proposed method.
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