The charge storage mechanism and reaction kinetics enhancement of an oxygen-deficient vanadium oxide@N-doped carbon heterostructure were elucidated by experimental and theoretical studies.
In this work, we prepare a series of activated carbons (ACs) of different morphologies, porous structures, and oxygen contents from glucose with hydrothermal synthesis (HTS) followed by a one-step (H 2 O-steam or KOH) or two-step (H 2 O-steam-KOH or KOH-H 2 O-steam) activation. The largest surface area of the prepared ACs is more than 3400 m 2 /g, and the corresponding mesopore volume is 1.21 cm 3 /g. The fraction of oxygen in the ACs varies in a range of 3.94 to 9.9 at%. The electrochemical performance of the symmetric supercapacitor cells (SCs) made from the as-prepared ACs is characterized in different aqueous electrolytes. The optimum capacitance of the SCs is 421 F/g at 0.5 A/g and 304 F/g at 10 A/g. The oxygen-enriched functional groups have limited contribution to the energy storage for the SCs with neutral electrolyte and profound effects on the increase of the energy storage for the SCs with strong acidic and alkaline electrolytes. The processing routes developed in this work likely open an avenue to tailor the structures and oxygen-enriched functional groups of ACs.
The property of substrates
is one of the important factors determining
the interaction between two lenses (droplets). There likely exist
different interactions between two dissimilar oil lenses (droplets)
floating on the surface of a liquid phase from the interaction between
two dissimilar oil droplets on a rigid substrate, for example, coalescence
or coexistence. The interaction between two dissimilar oil lenses
(droplets) is dependent on the intrinsic properties of both oil lenses
(droplets) and external environmental factors. In this work, we investigate
the contact interaction between two dissimilar, miscible oil lenses
(toluene and silicone oil) on the surface of deionized water (DI water).
The morphological evolution of two dissimilar, miscible oil lenses
during the interaction under different experimental conditions is
recorded and analyzed. The effects of the volume ratio of two dissimilar,
miscible oil lenses, temperature of DI water, and viscosity of silicone
oil on characteristic parameters are systematically studied. A sudden
“entrapment”
of a toluene lens into a silicone oil lens occurs after a period of
the “mass exchange” (coexistence) between these two
oil lenses. Several characteristic parameters, including the duration
of the “mass exchange” and critical sizes of the toluene
lens at the onset of the entrapment and after the entrapment, are
found to be dependent on experimental conditions.
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