Background: In the US, Meningococcal B (MenB) vaccines were first licensed in 2014. In 2015, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended that parents of teens talk to their provider about receiving MenB vaccine, rather than issuing a routine recommendation. We assessed parental awareness of MenB vaccines and willingness to vaccinate their teens with MenB vaccines compared to MenACWY vaccines, which have been routinely recommended for many years. Methods: We surveyed parents of teens attending high school in 2017–18 during the Minnesota State Fair. Parents reported via iPad their knowledge of and concern about meningococcal disease and their awareness of and willingness to vaccinate with MenB and MenACWY vaccines. We assessed the relationship between meningococcal disease knowledge and concern, MenB and MenACWY vaccine awareness, and willingness to vaccinate with MenB and MenACWY using adjusted logistic regression. Results: Among 445 parents, the majority had not heard of the newly introduced MenB vaccines Bexsero ® (80.0%; 95% CI: 76.0–83.6) or Trumenba ® (82.0%; 95% CI: 78.1–85.5) or the MenACWY vaccines Menactra ® or Menveo ® (68.8%; 95% CI: 64.2–73.0). The majority were at least somewhat willing to vaccinate their teen with MenB vaccine (89.6%; 95% CI: 86.5, 92.3) and MenACWY vaccine (91.2%; 95% CI: 88.2, 93.7). Awareness of MenB vaccines (OR: 3.8; 95% CI: 1.2–12.2) and concern about meningococcal disease (OR: 3.1; 95% CI: 1.5–6.3) were significantly associated with willingness to vaccinate with MenB vaccine. Conclusions: Awareness of MenB vaccine is lacking among parents of teens but is an important predictor of willingness to vaccinate with the newly licensed MenB vaccines.
This paper examines the impact of COVID‐19 on fruits and vegetable prices in the United States and China in a difference‐in‐differences framework. Our main results show differing impacts of the pandemic on the U.S. and Chinese wholesale prices. We conclude that despite the unprecedented disruptions, the U.S. produce industry remained intact. However, the long‐run effects could be mixed. We conjecture that the industry would stay resilient in the long run by having gained practical know‐how. Nevertheless, potential structural changes, such as changing household expenditure patterns due to income loss and increasing concentration in the food service market, could hurt the industry.
We study the self-assembly and formation process of vesicles of giant molecular shape amphiphiles in a selective solvent using the Brownian dynamics approach. Each amphiphile is composed of one hydrophilic nanoparticle tethered with one to five hydrophobic polymer tail(s), and the number of coarse-grained beads in each polymer tail is comparable to the number of repeating units in shape amphiphile used in the experiments. The effects of various parameters, such as the number of polymer tails, the length of each tail, the concentration of amphiphile beads, the size of the nanoparticle, and the temperature of the system on the self-assembled aggregate morphologies, are investigated. Morphological phase diagrams are constructed in different parameter spaces, and multiple morphological transitions are predicted and explained based on packing parameter. The formation pathways of vesicles are examined systematically, and mechanism II is identified for the first time in such shape amphiphilic systems. Transition between mechanism I and mechanism II can occur by varying several parameters, and principles controlling the different pathways are elucidated. The simulation results are compared with available experimental and simulation results of related systems.
The development of a fluorescent multiplexed microarray platform able to detect and quantify a wide variety of pollutants in seawater is reported. The microarray platform has been manufactured by spotting 6 different bioconjugate competitors and it uses a cocktail of 6 monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies raised against important families of chemical pollutants such as triazine biocide (i.e. Irgarol 1051®), sulfonamide and chloramphenicol antibiotics, polybrominated diphenyl ether flame-retardant (PBDE, i.e. BDE-47), hormone (17β-estradiol), and algae toxin (domoic acid). These contaminants were selected as model analytes, however, the platform developed has the potential to detect a broader group of compounds based on the cross-reactivity of the immunoreagents used. The microarray chip is able to simultaneously determine these families of contaminants directly in seawater samples reaching limits of detection close to the levels found in contaminated areas (Irgarol 1051®, 0.19 ± 0,06 µg L; sulfapyridine, 0.17 ± 0.07 µg L; chloramphenicol, 0.11 ± 0.03 µg L; BDE-47, 2.71 ± 1.13 µg L; 17β-estradiol, 0.94 ± 0.30 µg L and domoic acid, 1.71 ± 0.30 µg L). Performance of the multiplexed microarray chip was assessed by measuring 38 blind spiked seawater samples containing either one of these contaminants or mixtures of them. The accuracy found was very good and the coefficient of variation was < 20% in all the cases. No sample pre-treatment was necessary, and the results could be obtained in just 1 h 30 min. The microarray shows high sample throughput capabilities, being able to measure simultaneously more than 68 samples and screen them for a significant number of chemical contaminants of interest in environmental screening programs.
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