The mitigation effects of park green space on Urban Heat Island (UHI) have been extensively documented. However, the relative effects of the configuration of park components on land surface temperature (LST) inside the park and indicators (i.e., park cooling intensity and distance) surrounding the park is largely unknown. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to explore the quantitative impacts of configuration and morphology features under different urban park scales on the cooling effect. In this study, based on Landsat-8 OLI/TIRS images on 3 August 2015 and 16 August 2020 during summer daytime, the LSTs of Shanghai City were retrieved by atmospheric correction method. Then, the relationships of park landscape features with LSTs in the park and typical indicators representing cooling efficiency of 24 parks on different grades were analyzed. The results showed that the average temperature in urban parks was, respectively, 1.46 °C and 1.66 °C lower than that in the main city of Shanghai in 2015 and 2020, suggesting that urban parks form cold islands in the city. The landscape metrics of park area (PA), park perimeter (PP), green area (GA) and water area (WA), were key characteristics that strong negatively affect the internal park LSTs. However, the park perimeter-to-area ratio (PPAR) had a significant positive power correlation with the park LSTs. Buffer zone analysis showed that LST cools down by about 0.67 °C when the distance from the park increases by 100 m. The Maximum Cooling Distance (MCD) for 2015 and 2020 had a significant correlation with PA, PC, PPAR, GA and WA, and increased sharply within the park area of 20 ha. However, the medium park group had the largest Maximum Cooling Intensity (MCI) in both periods, followed by the small park group. There could be a trade-off relationship between the MCD and MCI in urban parks, which is worth pondering to research. This study could be of great significance for planning and constructing park landscapes, alleviating Urban Heat Island effect and improving urban livability.
The concept of time to place conversion makes continuous flow polymerase chain reaction (CF-PCR) microfluidic chip an ideal way to reduce the time required for amplification of target genes, however,...
Although DNAs with single‐nucleotide difference (e.g., 1000 and 1001 nt) can be resolved by capillary electrophoresis (CE), separation of the same length DNA with single‐nucleotide difference is still a great challenge, which is caused by the structural or thermodynamical fluctuation of the sieving matrix. Here, a homogeneous tetra‐arm poly (ethylene glycol) (Tetra‐PEG) polymer network is synthesized in a capillary, and single monoprotic ssDNA is successfully separated in the capillary filled with cross‐linked Tetra‐PEG polymer. Results show that the separation performance in both slab‐gel electrophoresis and CE is dramatically improved by Tetra‐PEG gel than polyacrylamide gel as sieving matrix. Moreover, separation based on Tetra‐PEG gel depends on not only the DNA size but also the chemical modification and DNA sequence, indicating that it is an ideal alternative to polyacrylamide gel.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.