The work is intended to summarize the recent progress in the work of fractal theory in packaging material to provide important insights into applied research on fractal in packaging materials. The fractal analysis methods employed for inorganic materials such as metal alloys and ceramics, polymers, and their composites are reviewed from the aspects of fractal feature extraction and fractal dimension calculation methods. Through the fractal dimension of packaging materials and the fractal in their preparation process, the relationship between the fractal characteristic parameters and the properties of packaging materials is discussed. The fractal analysis method can qualitatively and quantitatively characterize the fractal characteristics, microstructure, and properties of a large number of various types of packaging materials. The method of using fractal theory to probe the preparation and properties of packaging materials is universal; the relationship between the properties of packaging materials and fractal dimension will be a critical trend of fractal theory in the research on properties of packaging materials.
The properties of materials play a significant role in triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). Advanced triboelectric materials for TENGs have attracted tremendous attention because of their superior advantages (e.g., high specific surface area, high porosity, and customizable macrostructure). These advanced materials can be extensively applied in numerous fields, including energy harvester, wearable electronics, filtration, and self‐powered sensors. Hence, designing triboelectric materials as advanced functional materials is important for the development of TENGs. Herein, the structural modification methods based on electrospinning to improve the triboelectric properties and the latest research progress in this kind of TENGs are systematically summarized. Preparation methods and design trends of nanofibers, microspheres, hierarchical structures, and doping nanomaterials are highlighted. The factors influencing the formation and properties of triboelectric materials are considered. Furthermore, the latest progress on the applications of TENGs is systematically elaborated. Finally, the challenges in the development of triboelectric materials are discussed, thereby guiding researchers in the large‐scale application of TENGs.
At present, the phenomenon of elastoplastic coupling isn't considered in establishing the mechanics model of the milled mixture of sugar cane. On order to describe elastoplastic coupling and yield characteristics, based on uniaxial confined compression tests and direct shear tests, the evolution of the elastic parameters of the solid fiber with void ratio and the plastic deformation, and the plastic mechanics behavior of the solid fiber is described by Modified Drucker-Prager Cap model, the expressions of the parameters of the plastic mechanics model are derived and the corresponding parameters are calculated; and the elastoplastic coupling mechanics model is established. The evolution of the parameters of the model is achieved by the custom subroutine written in Fortran, the numerical simulation of the elastoplastic coupling model is realized by ABAQUS. The results of uniaxial confined compression tests and finite element simulation show that the elastoplastic coupling mechanics model is more accurate than the non-elastoplastic coupling mechanics model to predict the axial pressure. The results provide an important reference for the analysis and understanding of the milling process of sugar cane and the establishment of an accurate mathematical model of the milled mixture of sugar cane.
The properties of the milled mixture of sugar cane change greatly during the milling process. The evolution of its properties was modeled using three‐dimensional simulation method of the modified Drucker–Prager Cap model. Parameters for the model were determined by dynamic compression tests and simulated contrast test and employed to analyze the changes of roll load, roll torque, the maximum speed of sugar juice, stress, pore pressure, and the maximum void ratio under compression ratios of 1.5–3.5, blanket thicknesses of 40–140 mm, roll diameters of 700–1000 mm, and roll surface speeds of 0.1–0.5 m/s. The following results have been found: compression ratio plays the leading role in stress, pore pressure, roll load, and roll torque which increase with it; blanket thickness is of primary importance for maximum void ratio which increases with it; and roll surface speed has the most obvious effect on maximum sugar juice speed which increases with it. The method of this paper might provide a more accurate prediction for the optimization of these important parameters during the milling process of sugar cane. Practical applications The properties of the milled mixture of sugar cane change greatly during the milling process. However, the material properties for the constitutive model adopted by the researchers were the mean values of those measured. As a result, the predicted results obtained by the model based on the average values of these parameters are different from those obtained by the actual tests. We evolved the law of variation of parameters and adopted a three‐dimensional simulation method of the modified Drucker–Prager Cap model to the milling process of sugar cane. Our results show compression ratio is most important for stress, pore pressure, roll load, and roll torque which increase with it; blanket thickness and roll surface speed are of primary importance for maximum void ratio and the most obvious effect on maximum sugar juice speed which increases with them. Information presented here can serve as a guidance for a more accurate prediction for the optimization of these important parameters during the milling process of sugar cane.
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