Aims This study aims to investigate whether food intake time across 3 meals is associated with long-term survival among the people with diabetes. Materials and Methods This study included 4642 diabetic patients participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2003 to 2014. Food consumed across a day including the forenoon, afternoon, and evening was divided into quantiles based on their distribution. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to analyze the survival relationship between food intakes time and mortality. Results In the forenoon, compared to the participants in the lowest quantile of potato and starchy vegetable, participants in the highest quantile had lower mortality risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) [hazard ratio (HR)potato = 0.46, 95% CI 0.24-0.89; HRstarchy-vegetable = 0.32, 95% CI 0.15-0.72]. In the afternoon, participants who consumed whole grain had lower mortality of CVD (HRwhole grain = 0.67, 95% CI 0.48-0.95). In the evening, the highest quantile of dark vegetable and milk intake is related to lower mortality risk of CVD (HRdark vegetable = 0.55, 95% CI 0.35-0.87; HRmilk = 0.56, 95% CI 0.36-0.88) and all-cause mortality (HRmilk = 0.71, 95% CI 0.54-0.92), whereas participants in the highest quantile of intakes of processed meat are more likely to die due to CVD (HRprocessed-meat = 1.74, 95% CI 1.07-2.82). Isocalorically switching 0.1 serving potato or starchy vegetable consumed in the afternoon or evening to the forenoon, 0.1 serving dark vegetable consumed in the afternoon to the evening, and 0.1 serving whole grain consumed in the forenoon to the afternoon reduced the risk of CVD mortality. Conclusions Higher intake of potato or starchy vegetable in forenoon, whole grain in the afternoon, and dark vegetable and milk in the evening and lower intake of processed meat in the evening was associated with better long-term survival in people with diabetes.
Background: Calcium is an essential element in our diet and the most abundant mineral in the body. A high proportion of Chinese residents are not meeting dietary calcium recommendations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between calcium intake and the health of residents in two longitudinal studies of Chinese residents.Methods: This study used nationally representative data from the Harbin Cohort Study on Diet, Nutrition, and Chronic Non-communicable Disease Study (HDNNCDS) and China Health Nutrition Survey (CHNS), including 6,499 and 8,140 Chinese adults, respectively, who were free of chronic diseases at recruitment, with mean values of 4.2- and 5.3-year follow-up. Cox's proportional-hazards regression was conducted to explore the relationship between dietary calcium intake and the incidence of obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) with adjustment for covariates.Results: Calcium intakes were 451.35 ± 203.56 and 484.32 ± 198.61 (mean ± SD) mg/day in HDNNCDS and CHNS. After adjusting the covariates, the relationship between dietary calcium intake and bone mineral density (BMD) was not statistically significant (p = 0.110). In the multivariate-adjusted Cox's proportional-hazards regression model, dietary calcium intakes were inversely associated with obesity incidence in both cohorts (HR [95% CI]: 0.61 [0.48–0.77] and p trend < 0.001 in fixed-effects model); nevertheless, there was no correlation between dietary calcium intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes (p trend = 0.442 and 0.759) and CVD (p trend = 0.826 and 0.072). The relationship between dietary calcium intake and the risk of hypertension in the two cohorts was inconsistent (p trend = 0.012 and 0.559). Additionally, after further adjusting the vegetable intake in the original multivariate model, both cohorts found no association between dietary calcium intake and the risk of developing obesity (p trend = 0.084 and 0.444).Conclusions: Our data suggest that the current calcium intake of Chinese residents was inversely associated with obesity, which may be related to consumption of vegetables. Meanwhile, the current calcium intake does not increase the risk of type 2 diabetes, CVD, and bone health burden. This research suggested that the Chinese current calcium intake level may have met the needs of the body.
Background: This study aims to investigate whether food consumed time and distribution at three-meals is associated with long-term survival among the people with diabetes. Methods:This study included 4,699 diabetes patients participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2003 to 2014. Food consumed across a day including the forenoon, afternoon, evening, were divided into quantiles based on their distribution. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to analyze the survival relationship between food intakes time and distribution (with a constant quality and quantity) and mortality. Results:After adjustment for multiple covariates, in the forenoon, compared to the participants with diabetes in the lowest consumption quantile of potato and starchy-vegetable, participants with diabetes in the highest consumption quantile had lower mortality risk of CVD(HRpotato=0.52, 95%CI: 0.38-0.87; HRstarchy-vegetable= 0.51, 95%CI: 0.29-0.90). In the evening, the highest quantile of dark-vegetable intake is related to lower mortality risk of CVD(HR=0.64, 95%CI: 0.45-0.92) and all-cause(HR=0.81, 95%CI: 0.66-0.99), whereas participants in the highest quantile of intakes of refined grain and processed meat are more likely to die due to CVD(HRrefined-grain=1.54, 95%CI:1.10-2.15; HRprocessed-meat=1.83, 95%CI:1.20-2.77) and all-cause(HRrefined-grain=1.29, 95%CI:1.01-1.65; HRprocessed-meat=1.37, 95%CI:1.06-1.75). Iso-calorically switching 0.1 serving refined grain or processed meat consumed in the evening to the forenoon, and 0.1 serving dark vegetable consumed in the afternoon to the evening reduced the risk of CVD mortality.Conclusions:Higher intake of potato, starchy-vegetable in forenoon, dark-vegetable in the evening, and lower intake of refined-grain and processed-meat in the evening was associated with better long-term survival in people with diabetes.
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