Background and aim: The prevalence of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is higher in adults than in children. We determined the seroepidemiology of HBV infection in an adult population in JiLin, China, to guide effective preventive measures.Methods: A cross-sectional serosurvey was conducted throughout JiLin, China. A total of 3833 people was selected and demographic and behavioral information gathered. Serum samples were tested for HBV markers and liver enzymes.Results: The prevalence of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), the antibody to the hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs), the hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), the antibody to HBeAg (anti-HBe), and the antibody to the hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) were 4.38%, 35.66%, 1.38%, 6.65%, and 40.88%, respectively. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were significantly higher among HBsAg (+) than HBsAg (-) subjects. By multivariate logistic regression analysis, independent predictors for chronic HBV infection were smoking, poor sleep quality; occupation as private small-businessmen, laborers, or peasants; male gender; family history of HBV; personal history of vaccination; and older age. Independent predictors for exposure to HBV were large family size, occupation as a private small-businessman, male gender, family history of HBV, personal history of vaccination, and older age. Independent predictors for immunity by vaccination were occupation as a private small-businessman, high income, personal history of vaccination, and young age. Independent predictors for immunity by exposure were drinking, male gender, personal history of vaccination, and older age.Conclusions: The prevalence rate of HBV infection (4.38%) was lower than the previous rate of general HBV vaccination. However, 44.59% of the population remained susceptible to HBV. The prevalence of HBV infection was high in young adults, private small-businessmen, peasants, those with a family history of HBV, and males. Therefore, immunization of the non-immune population is reasonable to reduce hepatitis B transmission between adults.

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The autonomous obstacle avoidance planning of USV is the guarantee and the precondition of carrying out the performance. Obstacle avoidance planning is required to possess high accuracy and instantaneity due to a complex environment and faster speed. The algorithm of Artificial Potential Field has the advantage of sample mathematical model, which is easy to understand and implement, and facilitate the underlying control. However, application of traditional Artificial Potential Field has the problems of local minimum, destination unreachable, and poor accuracy of algorithm. Aiming at these issues, a method of the obstacle avoidance planning of Unmanned Surface Vehicle based on improved Artificial Potential Field is proposed in this article, and its feasibility is demonstrated using MATLAB simulation.

Summary Root anatomy plays important roles in the control of leaf water relations. However, few studies have evaluated whether and how anatomical traits of absorptive roots influence leaf physiology of herbaceous species in a temperate grassland. We measured absorptive root anatomical traits and leaf physiological traits of 15 herbaceous species in a temperate steppe and monitored their responses to increased precipitation in a field stimulating experiment. Root anatomical and leaf physiological traits differed among monocotyledonous grasses, monocotyledonous liliaceous species and dicotyledonous forbs. The species with higher stele: root diameter, lower root diameter and cortex thickness exhibited higher transpiration rates and stomatal conductance, but lower intrinsic water‐use efficiency. Increased precipitation enhanced transpiration and stomatal conductance of forbs and lilies, but it enhanced photosynthesis in lilies exclusively. The sensitive response of lilies to precipitation may be related to their large root diameter and cortex thickness. In summary, we observed distinct differences in anatomical traits of absorptive roots among plant groups in temperate steppes. These differences drove variations in leaf physiological traits and their diverse responses to precipitation change. These findings highlight the important roles of root anatomical traits in driving leaf‐level physiological processes in temperate grasslands.

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A rapid immunochromatographic lateral flow test strip of competitive format has been developed for the specific determination of olaquindox (OLA) residues in pig urine and muscle tissues. The sensitivity of the test strip was found to be 1.58 ± 0.27 μg/kg and 1.70 ± 0.26 μg/kg of OLA in pig urine and muscle tissues, and the lower detection limit was 0.27 ± 0.08 μg/kg and 0.31 ± 0.07 μg/kg respectively. For negative pig urine and muscle samples spiked with 4, 12, and 36 μg/kg, the recovery range was 83.0-94.0% and 78.8-87.4% and the coefficient of variation scope [CV (%)] was 3.17-7.41% and 4.66-7.64% respectively. Parallel analysis of OLA samples from pig urine and muscle tissue showed comparable results from the test strip and HPLC. Each test requires 5-8 min, and the test strip can provide a useful screening method for quantitative, semiquantitative, or qualitative detection of OLA residues.

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