In recent years, the alternating occurrence of high temperature and waterlogging disasters in South China has seriously reduced the yield of single cropping rice. Studying the changes in anatomical structure of the rice root system could provide theoretical basis for understanding the mechanisms of high temperature and waterlogging stress. To examine interactions between temperature and waterlogging stress, an experiment was set up in a growth chamber consisting of two temperatures (moderate, 30–34 °C and high, 35–38 °C) with three depths of flooding (0–5, 10 and 15 cm). Treatments commenced at the booting stage and lasted five days, after which all treatments were returned to a 0–5 cm flooding depth and the same temperature regime. Observations were made immediately after cessation of treatments, then after 5, 10 and 20 d to test the effect of treatments on subsequent root anatomical development. The low-stress control (0–5 cm, medium temperature) showed no change with time in aerenchyma area, thickness of the outer root, stele diameter, and the number nor diameter of xylem vessels. Root diameter and stele diameter under the high-stress control (0–5 cm, high temperature) were decreased by 29.09% and 15.28%, respectively, at the booting stage, whereas the high stress control (15 cm, high temperature) affected only the vessel diameter, reducing it by 14.11% compared with that in the low-stress control (0–5 cm, medium temperature). Compared to the high-stress control (0–5 cm, high temperature), the interaction of high temperature and waterlogging stress alleviated the inhibiting effect of the changes in the root system, especially after the end of the stress. We thought that waterlogging could reduce the damage of high temperature on rice root growth. Low water depth waterlogging has little effect on rice root system and aerenchyma area root diameter at 0, 5, 10 and 20 d after the stress ended, and the thickness of the outer root, stele diameter and the number and diameter of vessels at 0 d under M15 (15 cm, medium temperature) had no significant difference compared with M5 (0–5 cm, medium temperature). However, the increase in rice root diameter, stele diameter, thickness of the outer root cortex depth and vessel diameter were inhibited under high temperature stress at the booting stage. Root diameter and stele diameter under H5 (0–5 cm, high temperature) were decreased by 29.09% and 15.28%, respectively, at the booting stage, whereas H15 (15 cm, high temperature) affected only the vessel diameter, reducing it by 14.11% compared with that in the M5. Compared to H5, the interaction of high temperature and waterlogging stress alleviated the inhibiting effect of the changes in the root system, especially after the end of the stress. We thought that waterlogging could lighten the damage of high temperature on rice root growth.
Background In recent years, the alternating occurrence of high temperature and waterlogging disasters in South China from July to August has seriously reduced the yield of single cropping rice. Studying the changes in anatomical structure of the rice root system could provide theoretical basis for understanding the mechanisms of high temperature and waterlogging stress in rice plants.Results To examine the effects of high temperature and waterlogging stress on root anatomical structure of rice at booting stage, six treatments of rice plants were set up: high temperature stress (T1), high temperature × light waterlogging stress (water depth of 10 cm; T2), high temperature × heavy waterlogging stress (water depth of 15 cm; T3), light waterlogging stress (water depth of 10 cm; T4), heavy waterlogging stress (water depth of 15 cm;T5), and regular irrigation with shallow water (water depth of 0–5 cm) except at harvest maturity (CK). The interaction of high temperature and waterlogging stresses at the booting stage promoted earlier formation of the aeration tissue in rice roots and had a certain degree of continuity. High temperature inhibited the increase in rice root diameter, stele diameter, thickness of the outer root layer, and vessel diameter. Compared to the CK, root diameter and stele diameter under high temperature stress (T1) were decreased by 29.09% and 15.28%, respectively, at the booting stage, whereas high temperature × heavy waterlogging (T3) affected only the vessel diameter, reducing it by 14.11% compared with that in the CK. The increase in rice root diameter, stele diameter, thickness of the outer root cortex layer, and vessel diameter were inhibited under stress at the booting stage. Compared with high temperature stress, the interaction of high temperature and waterlogging stress alleviated the inhibiting effect of the changes in the root system on water and nutrient transport.Conclusion Therefore, under high temperature weather conditions after a rainstorm, water level of the surface of paddy fields should be maintained at about 10–15 cm for 5 days to alleviate the effect of high temperature on rice growth and reduce the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus.
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