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The tumor ecosystem of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is poorly characterized. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we profile transcriptomes of 158,577 cells from 11 patients’ paratumors, localized/advanced tumors, initially-treated/recurrent lymph nodes and radioactive iodine (RAI)-refractory distant metastases, covering comprehensive clinical courses of PTC. Our data identifies a “cancer-primed” premalignant thyrocyte population with normal morphology but altered transcriptomes. Along the developmental trajectory, we also discover three phenotypes of malignant thyrocytes (follicular-like, partial-epithelial-mesenchymal-transition-like, dedifferentiation-like), whose composition shapes bulk molecular subtypes, tumor characteristics and RAI responses. Furthermore, we uncover a distinct BRAF-like-B subtype with predominant dedifferentiation-like thyrocytes, enriched cancer-associated fibroblasts, worse prognosis and promising prospect of immunotherapy. Moreover, potential vascular-immune crosstalk in PTC provides theoretical basis for combined anti-angiogenic and immunotherapy. Together, our findings provide insight into the PTC ecosystem that suggests potential prognostic and therapeutic implications.

No abstract

Anlotinib demonstrated a durable antitumor activity with a manageable adverse event profile in locally advanced or metastatic MTC.

Background: The smoking prevalence among men in China is high, but the head and neck cancer incidence rates are low. This study's purpose was to investigate the impact of tobacco, betel quid, and alcohol on head and neck cancer risk in East Asia. Methods: A multicenter case-control study (921 patients with head and neck cancer and 806 controls) in East Asia was conducted. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using logistic regression. Results: Head and neck cancer risks were elevated for tobacco (OR = 1.58), betel quid (OR = 8.23), and alcohol (OR = 2.29). The total attributable risk of tobacco and/or alcohol was 47.2%. Tobacco/alcohol appeared to account for a small proportion of head and neck cancer among women (attributable risk of 2.2%). Betel quid chewing alone accounted for 28.7% of head and neck cancer.

To identify genetic markers for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on 993 individuals with LSCC (cases) and 1,995 cancer-free controls from Chinese populations. The most promising variants (association P < 1 × 10(-5)) were then replicated in 3 independent sets including 2,398 cases and 2,804 controls, among which we identified 3 new susceptibility loci at 11q12 (rs174549), 6p21 (rs2857595) and 12q24 (rs10492336). The minor alleles of each of these loci showed protective effects, with odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 0.73 (0.68-0.78; P = 1.00 × 10(-20)), 0.78 (0.72-0.84; P = 2.43 × 10(-15)) and 0.71 (0.65-0.77; P = 4.48 × 10(-14)), respectively. None of these variants showed an interaction with smoking or drinking. This is the first GWAS to our knowledge solely on LSCC, and the findings might advance understanding of the etiology of LSCC.

We identified several predictive factors for CLNM in cN0 PTC patients. Some certain risk factors could be considered in preoperative clinical decision regarding the necessity of prophylactic central lymph node dissection in cN0 PTC patients.

Conclusion: Chinese patients have a higher rate of lymphoepithelial carcinoma (LEC) and salivary duct carcinoma (SDC). Comprehensive use of diagnostic modalities, neck dissection, and postoperative radiation will improve the treatment results for salivary gland tumors (SGTs). Objectives: To study the clinicopathological characteristics of SGTs in a Chinese population. Methods: The records of SGT patients operated in a tertiary cancer hospital of China were retrieved. Results: From December 1997 to December 2007, 289 malignant and 887 benign SGTs were operated at Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, China. Pleomorphic adenoma and Warthin's tumor were the most common types of SGT. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (24.6% of malignant cases) and adenoid cystic carcinoma (18.0%) were the most frequent malignant cases, followed by acinic cell carcinoma (12.1%), LEC (9.7%), and SDC (9.3%). The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound scan, fine needle aspiration biopsy, and frozen section were 58.3 and 88.6%, 87.2 and 96.7%, 86.9 and 99.6%, respectively. Neck dissections and postoperative radiation were carried out for 48.6 and 48.0% of carcinomas, respectively. The percentage of tumors by pathologic TNM stage were 23.7% for stage I, 32.9% for stage II, 17.3% for stage III, and 26.1% for stage IV. The 5-year overall survival rate was 88.0%.