Abstract-Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ␤/␦ (PPAR␤/␦) is an essential transcription factor in myocardial metabolism. This study aims to investigate the effects of PPAR␤/␦ activation in the adult heart on mitochondrial biology and oxidative metabolism under normal and pressure-overload conditions. We have investigated the effects of cardiac constitutively active PPAR␤/␦ in adult mice using a tamoxifen-inducible transgenic approach with Cre-LoxP recombination. The expression of PPAR␤/␦ mRNA and protein in cardiomyocytes of adult mice was substantially increased after short-term induction. In these mice, the cardiac expression of key factors involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, such as PPAR␥ coactivator-1, endogenous antioxidants Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, and catalase, fatty acid, and glucose metabolism, such as carnitine palmitoyltransferase Ib, carnitine palmitoyltransferase II, and glucose transporter 4, were upregulated. Subsequently, myocardial oxidative metabolism was elevated concomitant with an increased mitochondrial DNA copy number and an enhanced cardiac performance. Moreover, activation of PPAR␤/␦ in the adult heart improved cardiac function and resisted progression to pathological development in mechanical stress condition. We conclude that PPAR␤/␦ activation in the adult heart will promote cardiac performance along with transcriptional upregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and defense, as well as oxidative metabolism at basal and pressure-overload conditions. (Hypertension. 2011;57:223-230.) • Online Data Supplement

With the development of the IoT technology, an unprecedented number of IoT terminals are connected to various networks. Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) technology is widely used in the IoT terminal firmware, which results in high code reuse rates. Such firmware is always heterogeneous and closedsource. It is so difficult to detect and investigate the security risks at the firmware level that their impacts are faster and broader. In recent years, some firmware security detection technologies based on similarity are gradually becoming a research hotspot. However, in these studies, the basic issue regarding whether these foundations comprise an essential basis for comparison and their utility as similarity measures has not been addressed theoretically. Inspired by biological genes, this paper attempts to supplement a foundation for cross-platform firmware binary code homology and similarity analysis by mining firmware code genes that can essentially identify code and exhibit stability, antivariability and heritability. The firmware code gene extract system(FCGES) is designed and implemented in this paper. FCGES first extracts the features of firmware code, then numericizes and normalizes them, and finally sublimates them to firmware code genes by the hypothesis margin. The experimental results show that the firmware code gene extracted by FCGES has essentiality, stability, antivariability and heritability on different platforms.