Using data from a 2004 national survey, we examine the recent trends in the conditions of migrant workers in China. Our discussion engages the debate in the existing literature between the migrant workers as victims of China's economic growth and as a newly emerging political force with growing bargaining power. The study focuses on three dimensions of migrant workers' status: their socio-economic conditions, relations with rural and urban residents, and conflict resolution behaviour. The findings indicate that while migrant workers continue to occupy more blue-collar and service jobs than urban residents, their economic, social and political status has improved. In some areas, migrant workers show even more political activism than both rural and urban residents. Migrant workers' growing social influence is a positive development in China's political diversification.One of the most striking structural changes in Chinese society in the past two decades of market reform has been rural-to-urban migration. Scholars, policy makers and journalists both inside and outside China have paid much attention to the socio-economic conditions of the rural migrant workers. This article uses a fresh random sample of migrant workers to examine their socio-economic status and political behaviour after more than 20 years of adapting to urban life. The more general goal is to show the social significance of migrant workers in China's future political change.
Urban Migration Policy and ConsequencesThe household registration system (hukou 户口) is the foundation of China's urban migration policy. First implemented in the 1950s under the Stalinist model of economic development, this system intended to finance urban industrial development by subsidizing urban life through government purchase of agricultural products at below market prices. As a result, urbanites enjoyed job security, guaranteed income and pensions, subsidized housing, medical care and education, and other welfare benefits. Rural residents were restricted from
It is of great significance to study the porosity and permeability properties of medium and low-rank coal. The porosity and permeability in confining stress experiments were used to simulate the porosity and permeability variations of coal samples under different depth conditions. The pore structure of Baoqing coal samples is greatly affected by the confining pressure, and the pores and micro cracks are more easily compressed. Based on the experimental data of mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and nitrogen adsorption (NA), the pore size distributions (PSDs) of medium and low-rank coals were studied. High mercury intrusion pressure would lead to coal matrix compression. Therefore, the pore volume calculated by MIP data was corrected by NA data. The PSDs characteristics of Jixi (JX) coal and Baoqing (BQ) coal samples are obtained from the revised pore volume, and the dominant pores of medium and low-rank coals are obtained. The results show that JX coal has higher spatial heterogeneity, connectivity and pore autocorrelation. Micro fractures have an influence on the autocorrelation and heterogeneity of coal samples, especially for BQ coal samples.
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